Nokea
A family member asks if vitamin C will prevent aging. The nurse considers which theory?
- A. Free radical theory
- B. Immunological theory
- C. Oxidative stress theory
- D. Telomere theory
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Free radical theory. Vitamin C is thought to prevent aging by combatting free radicals, which are highly reactive molecules that can damage cells and contribute to aging. Vitamin C acts as an antioxidant, neutralizing free radicals and protecting cells from oxidative damage. Immunological theory (B) focuses on the role of the immune system in aging. Oxidative stress theory (C) is related to free radical theory but does not specifically address the role of vitamin C. Telomere theory (D) pertains to the shortening of telomeres, which are protective structures at the end of chromosomes, but is not directly related to the role of vitamin C in preventing aging.
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The term health disparity is defined as
- A. The systematic elimination of the culture of another resulting in decreased wellness.
- B. Differences in health outcomes among groups.
- C. The difference between an expected incidence and prevalence and that which actually occurs in a comparison population group.
- D. The existence of more than one group with differing values and perspective.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because health disparity refers to variations in health outcomes among different groups due to factors such as socioeconomic status, race, ethnicity, etc. This definition accurately captures the essence of health disparity as it highlights the unequal distribution of health outcomes.
Choice A is incorrect because it refers to cultural elimination, which is not the definition of health disparity. Choice C is incorrect as it talks about differences in expected and actual incidence, not health outcomes among groups. Choice D is incorrect as it focuses on values and perspectives rather than health outcomes.
Which of the following is a key sign of dehydration in older adults that differs from younger populations?
- A. Dark-colored urine
- B. Increased thirst
- C. Dry mouth and skin
- D. Confusion or cognitive decline
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Confusion or cognitive decline. In older adults, dehydration can manifest differently than in younger populations. Cognitive decline is a key sign of dehydration in older adults due to the brain being more sensitive to fluid loss. Dehydration can lead to confusion, disorientation, and impaired cognitive function in older individuals. Dark-colored urine (A) is a common sign of dehydration in all age groups. Increased thirst (B) is a general sign of dehydration but may not be as prominent in older adults due to decreased thirst sensation. Dry mouth and skin (C) are also common signs of dehydration but may not be as reliable indicators in older adults compared to cognitive changes.
The home care nurse is performing an environmental assessment in the home of an older adult. Which of the following requires immediate nursing action?
- A. Unsecured scattered rugs
- B. Operable smoke detector
- C. Prefilled medication cassette
- D. Unsecured scattered rugs
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Unsecured scattered rugs. This requires immediate nursing action as it poses a significant fall risk for the older adult. Rugs can cause tripping hazards, leading to potential injuries. The nurse should secure or remove the rugs to ensure the safety of the patient.
Summary of other choices:
B: Operable smoke detector - While important for safety, it does not require immediate nursing action as it is already in working condition.
C: Prefilled medication cassette - This is not an immediate safety concern and can be addressed during routine medication management.
D: Unsecured scattered rugs (repeated) - This choice is the same as the correct answer, so it is incorrect.
Tuberculosis
- A. can be spread by persons who have positive skin tests and no symptoms
- B. presents a higher risk for clients who take immunosuppressant medications
- C. is caused by a virus related to HIV
- D. in the early stages, causes the client to gain weight and be short of breath
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because tuberculosis is an infectious bacterial disease that primarily affects the lungs. Clients taking immunosuppressant medications have weakened immune systems, making them more susceptible to developing active tuberculosis. This is due to the fact that the immune system is less able to fight off the bacteria causing tuberculosis. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because tuberculosis is not spread by persons with positive skin tests and no symptoms, it is caused by bacteria (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) not a virus related to HIV, and it typically causes weight loss and not weight gain in the early stages.
Which of the following can significantly improve the quality of life for older adults with chronic pain?
- A. Complete bed rest
- B. Unsupervised use of opioids
- C. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and physical therapy
- D. Isolation and minimal social interaction
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and physical therapy. CBT helps older adults manage pain through changing thought patterns and behaviors, improving coping skills. Physical therapy helps maintain mobility and reduce pain. Both approaches address the physical and psychological aspects of chronic pain, leading to better quality of life.
Complete bed rest (A) can worsen pain and lead to muscle weakness. Unsupervised use of opioids (B) can be dangerous, leading to addiction and other health issues. Isolation and minimal social interaction (D) can contribute to depression and exacerbate pain.