Nokea
A group of Ukrainian tourists returning from Samarqand was bringing with them gerbils. During examination in customs office ulcers were detected on the skin of the animals. What protozoa is the most likely to cause the disease in the animals, if mosquitoes are the carriers?
- A. Leishmania tropica major
- B. Balantidium coli
- C. P. falciparum
- D. T. cruzi
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale:
1. The presence of ulcers in animals suggests a parasitic infection.
2. Mosquitoes as carriers indicate a protozoan transmitted through insect bites.
3. Among the choices, Plasmodium falciparum causes malaria transmitted by mosquitoes.
4. Leishmania tropica major causes cutaneous leishmaniasis, not ulcers.
5. Balantidium coli causes intestinal infections, not skin ulcers.
6. Trypanosoma cruzi causes Chagas disease, not skin ulcers.
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Peptidoglycan is typically found in the:
- A. cell wall
- B. plasma membrane
- C. nucleus
- D. endoplasmic reticulum
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Peptidoglycan is a major component of bacterial cell walls, providing structural support and protection. The correct answer is A because peptidoglycan is typically found in the cell wall of bacteria. The cell wall is crucial for maintaining the shape of the bacterial cell and protecting it from external stresses. The plasma membrane (choice B) is primarily composed of phospholipids and proteins, not peptidoglycan. The nucleus (choice C) is found in eukaryotic cells and contains genetic material, not peptidoglycan. The endoplasmic reticulum (choice D) is an organelle involved in protein synthesis and lipid metabolism, but it does not contain peptidoglycan. Therefore, the correct answer is A as peptidoglycan is typically found in the cell wall of bacteria.
Antibodies against influenza viruses in a patient's serum can be determined by;
- A. Agglutination reaction
- B. Precipitation reaction in agar gel
- C. Reaction haemagglutination inhibition
- D. Ration haemagglutination
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Reaction haemagglutination inhibition. This method is used to detect antibodies against influenza viruses by measuring the ability of the patient's serum to inhibit haemagglutination. This is a specific and sensitive technique for detecting influenza antibodies.
A: Agglutination reaction is not specific for influenza viruses and may give false positives.
B: Precipitation reaction in agar gel is not typically used for detecting influenza antibodies.
D: Ration haemagglutination is not a standard method for detecting influenza antibodies.
Which of the following bacteria is known for producing a capsule that helps it avoid the immune system?
- A. Streptococcus pneumoniae
- B. Escherichia coli
- C. Salmonella enterica
- D. Bacillus subtilis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Streptococcus pneumoniae. This bacterium is known for producing a capsule that helps it evade the immune system. The capsule acts as a protective barrier, making it difficult for the immune system to recognize and attack the bacteria. Streptococcus pneumoniae is a common cause of pneumonia and meningitis.
Explanation for why other choices are incorrect:
B: Escherichia coli does not typically produce a capsule for immune evasion. It is more commonly associated with gastrointestinal infections.
C: Salmonella enterica also does not produce a capsule for immune evasion. It is known for causing foodborne illness.
D: Bacillus subtilis is a soil bacterium that is not known for producing a capsule to avoid the immune system.
What are actinomycotic granules:
- A. a form of actinomycosis
- B. additional outer membrane of some actinomycetes
- C. colonies of actinomycetes located in purulent secretions
- D. intracellular inclusions in some actinomycetes
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Step 1: Actinomycotic granules are colonies of actinomycetes located in purulent secretions.
Step 2: Actinomycosis is a disease caused by actinomycetes forming these granules.
Step 3: Actinomycotic granules are typically found in tissue exudates or pus.
Step 4: Therefore, choice C is correct as it accurately describes actinomycotic granules.
Summary:
Choice A is incorrect because actinomycotic granules are not a form of actinomycosis itself, but a characteristic of the disease. Choice B is incorrect as actinomycotic granules are not an additional outer membrane but rather colonies of actinomycetes. Choice D is incorrect as actinomycotic granules are not intracellular inclusions but extracellular colonies found in purulent secretions.
The following spore-forming bacteria can be preserved in soil over a long period of time: clostridia of tetanus, botulism, anaerobic gas infection. Name the way with which these microorganisms get into soil.
- A. With feces
- B. With urine
- C. With water
- D. With industrial waters
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step 1: Clostridia of tetanus, botulism, anaerobic gas infection are spore-forming bacteria.
Step 2: Spores are resistant structures that allow bacteria to survive in harsh conditions.
Step 3: Feces contain these spore-forming bacteria due to contamination.
Step 4: When feces are deposited on soil, the spores of these bacteria enter the soil.
Step 5: Spores can remain dormant in soil for long periods.
Summary: Choice A is correct as spore-forming bacteria enter soil through feces, which act as a source of contamination. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as they do not involve the direct introduction of spores into soil like feces do.