A healthcare professional is supervising a newly licensed colleague who is preparing to administer an intramuscular injection. Which of the following actions by the newly licensed colleague requires intervention?
- A. Selecting a 25-gauge needle
- B. Administering the injection at a 45° angle
- C. Using the ventrogluteal site for the injection
- D. Aspirating for blood return before injecting the medication
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B. Administering an intramuscular injection at a 90° angle is essential for proper medication delivery into the muscle tissue. Injecting at a 45° angle is incorrect for intramuscular injections and is typically used for subcutaneous injections where the needle is inserted into the fatty tissue layer beneath the skin. Choice A is correct as selecting a 25-gauge needle is appropriate for an intramuscular injection. Choice C is also correct as the ventrogluteal site is a suitable site for intramuscular injections. Choice D is correct as aspirating for blood return is a necessary step to ensure the needle is not in a blood vessel before injecting the medication.
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Freud postulated that child adopts parental standards and traits through
- A. Imitation
- B. Introjection
- C. Identification
- D. Regression
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory (1900s) posits children adopt parental standards via identification e.g., mimicking a parent's empathy. Imitation (copying), introjection (internalizing), and regression (reverting) differ. This shapes the superego, influencing nursing behaviors e.g., empathy from role models affecting caregiver styles and patient interactions.
A client with hypertension is being educated by a healthcare professional about lifestyle changes. Which of the following statements by the client indicates an understanding of the teaching?
- A. I should consume foods low in potassium.
- B. I should consume foods low in sodium.
- C. I should consume foods high in saturated fats.
- D. I should consume foods high in cholesterol.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: 'I should consume foods low in sodium.' This statement indicates an understanding of managing hypertension. Excessive sodium intake can lead to increased blood pressure, so reducing sodium consumption is crucial in hypertension management to prevent complications. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect. Consuming foods low in potassium is not typically recommended for hypertension management as potassium-rich foods like fruits and vegetables can be beneficial. Consuming foods high in saturated fats and cholesterol can be detrimental to cardiovascular health and should be limited in individuals with hypertension.
Client perceptions about their health problems are:
- A. Objective data
- B. Observational recordings
- C. Aucilliary reports from the data collector
- D. Subjective data
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Subjective data are clients' perceptions e.g., 'I feel dizzy' reported directly, capturing experiences unmeasurable by others. This contrasts with objective data (e.g., pulse), observable by nurses. Observational recordings are objective, like noting pallor, not perceptions. Ancillary reports (e.g., lab results) are objective, external data, not client-voiced. Subjective data's focus on personal input e.g., pain severity enriches assessment, guiding nurses to explore symptoms' impact (e.g., anxiety's role), making it vital for holistic care and the correct classification here.
Mr. Gary is a 67 year old client who is experiencing chronic pain. Which of the following is the best way to assess his pain?
- A. Observe his behavior
- B. Ask him to describe his pain
- C. Perform physical assessment
- D. Use a standardized pain scale
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: For Mr. Gary's chronic pain at 67, a standardized pain scale (D) best assesses intensity, per pain management standards (e.g., numeric scale). Observation (A) misses subjectivity, description (B) lacks precision, physical assessment (C) is secondary. Scales quantify chronic pain reliably, especially in older adults, making D the optimal choice.
During a teaching session on dietary management for heart failure, a client makes a statement. Which of the following statements by the client indicates an understanding of the teaching?
- A. I should increase my intake of foods high in sodium.
- B. I should increase my intake of foods high in potassium.
- C. I should decrease my intake of fluids.
- D. I should decrease my intake of fiber.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because decreasing fluid intake is essential in managing fluid retention and symptoms of heart failure. Restricting fluids helps prevent excessive fluid buildup in the body, thus reducing the workload on the heart and alleviating symptoms like swelling and shortness of breath. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect. Increasing intake of foods high in sodium can exacerbate fluid retention and worsen heart failure symptoms. Increasing potassium-rich foods is beneficial for some heart conditions but not heart failure specifically. Decreasing fiber intake is not a standard recommendation for heart failure management.