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A healthy 70-year-old patient has low hemoglobin levels and no signs of gastrointestinal bleeding. The nurse recognizes which item is an effect of aging that could be the reason for the low hemoglobin level?
- A. Low level of hepcidin.
- B. Increase in iron-binding capacity.
- C. Decrease in intestinal absorption of iron.
- D. Decrease in erythropoietin secretion from the kidneys.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Aging often leads to a decrease in the efficiency of nutrient absorption, including iron. This decrease in intestinal absorption of iron can result in low hemoglobin levels in elderly individuals. It's a common cause of anemia in the elderly population.
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A patient reports leg pain that awakens the patient at night. The patient reports that the same pain develops in the legs when they are elevated and disappears when the legs are dangled. Which condition would the nurse suspect?
- A. Peripheral arterial disease.
- B. Lymphatic obstruction.
- C. Chronic venous insufficiency.
- D. Musculoskeletal abnormalities.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Peripheral arterial disease causes leg pain worsened by elevation and relieved by dangling, due to reduced blood flow from arterial narrowing.
Which role is attributed to the base in the acid-base balance?
- A. Does not interact with acids.
- B. Promotes the excretion of acid.
- C. Activates the system of acid-base balance.
- D. Increases the action of the hydrogen ions.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Bases, like bicarbonate, promote acid excretion by neutralizing hydrogen ions, aiding in maintaining acid-base balance.
Which erythrocyte characteristic would the nurse expect to see in the laboratory findings for a patient who has experienced acute blood loss?
- A. Microcytic.
- B. Normocytic.
- C. Hypochromic.
- D. Megaloblastic.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Normocytic erythrocytes, or normal-sized red blood cells, are usually seen in acute blood loss as the body's initial response doesn't alter the size of red blood cells.
Which goal is a primary objective for a patient who has chronic heart failure (HF)?
- A. Maximizing cardiac output.
- B. Maintaining ideal body weight.
- C. Performing daily aerobic exercises.
- D. Maintaining a steady pulse oximetry reading.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Maximizing cardiac output is a primary goal for patients with chronic heart failure (HF) because it helps improve tissue perfusion and oxygen delivery to meet the body's demands. It is a crucial aspect of managing heart failure and preventing further complications.
Which finding would the nurse expect to see in a patient with a hemoglobin level of 8 g/dL? Select all that apply.
- A. Palpitations.
- B. Conjunctival pallor.
- C. Sternal tenderness.
- D. Heart rate of 104 beats/min.
Correct Answer: B,D
Rationale: Conjunctival pallor and increased heart rate (104 beats/min) are expected in anemia due to reduced oxygen-carrying capacity and compensatory tachycardia.