Nokea
A hybridoma:
- A. Secretes both polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies
- B. Is generated from the fusion of two antigen-activated B cells
- C. Can live in tissue culture indefinitely
- D. All of these options describe a hybridoma
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. Hybridoma is a cell line formed by the fusion of a B cell (producing a specific antibody) and a myeloma cell.
2. Choice C is correct because hybridomas can be immortalized and cultured indefinitely.
3. Choice A is incorrect because hybridomas produce monoclonal antibodies, not polyclonal antibodies.
4. Choice B is incorrect because hybridomas are formed from a single B cell and a myeloma cell, not two antigen-activated B cells.
5. Choice D is incorrect as only option C accurately describes a hybridoma's characteristic of indefinite tissue culture survival.
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Elaborating on Jenner's observations, who is considered to have created the first "attenuated" vaccine
- A. Louis Pasteur
- B. Robert Koch
- C. Ilya Metchnikoff
- D. Adolf Von Behring
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Louis Pasteur. He is considered to have created the first "attenuated" vaccine based on his work with the rabies vaccine in the 1880s. Pasteur's method involved weakening the virus to make it less harmful while still eliciting an immune response. Other choices are incorrect because:
B: Robert Koch is known for his contributions to microbiology and germ theory, not for creating the first attenuated vaccine.
C: Ilya Metchnikoff is known for his work on immunology and phagocytosis, not for developing the first attenuated vaccine.
D: Adolf Von Behring is known for his research on diphtheria antitoxin, not for creating the first attenuated vaccine.
What percent of clients with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) will experience hypotension during a tilt table test,which can eventually be diagnostic for these clients?
- A. 60%
- B. 96%
- C. 80%
- D. 20%
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Approximately 96% of clients with CFS experience hypotension during a tilt table test which helps in diagnosing the condition.
Which of the following early contributors to the development of immunology is paired up properly with his or her accomplishment?
- A. Louis Pasteur: demonstrated that cowpox vaccination can protect from smallpox
- B. Paul Ehrlich: identified lymphocytes as the cells mediating adaptive immunity
- C. MacFarlane Burnet: proposed the side-chain theory of antibodies which suggested that multiple antigen receptors are expressed on immune cells
- D. Robert Koch: developed techniques to grow pure bacterial cultures
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Rationale: Robert Koch is correctly paired with developing techniques to grow pure bacterial cultures. Koch's work laid the foundation for bacteriology and allowed for the isolation and identification of specific disease-causing bacteria. This technique, known as Koch's postulates, revolutionized the field of microbiology by linking specific pathogens to specific diseases.
Summary:
A: Louis Pasteur - Incorrect. While Pasteur is known for his work in vaccination and pasteurization, the provided accomplishment is associated with Edward Jenner, not Pasteur.
B: Paul Ehrlich - Incorrect. Ehrlich is known for his work on immunology and coined the term "magic bullet," but he did not identify lymphocytes as cells mediating adaptive immunity.
C: MacFarlane Burnet - Incorrect. Burnet is known for his clonal selection theory, not the side-chain theory of antibodies as described in the choice.
An 80-year-old man falls and suffers a compound fracture of the femur. Which immediate action is most appropriate?
- A. Position him flat on his back.
- B. Apply a tourniquet on the leg.
- C. Carefully splint the leg as it is.
- D. Carefully straighten the leg.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Carefully splint the leg as it is. This is the most appropriate immediate action because splinting the leg as it is will help stabilize the fracture and prevent further injury or damage to surrounding tissues. Moving or straightening the leg (option D) could worsen the fracture and cause more pain. Positioning him flat on his back (option A) may not provide enough support and could lead to additional complications. Applying a tourniquet (option B) is not necessary and could potentially cut off blood flow to the leg, causing more harm. Splinting the leg as it is will help maintain alignment and reduce the risk of further damage until proper medical care can be provided.
The physician is having difficulty finding the appropriate dose for the patient taking warfarin (Coumadin). What can the nurse suggest that may solve this problem?
- A. Pharmacogenetic testing
- B. Start bivalirudin (Angiomax) IV
- C. Change from warfarin (Coumadin) to clopidogrel (Plavix) and aspirin
- D. Change from warfarin (Coumadin) to enoxoparin (Lovenox) injections
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Pharmacogenetic testing evaluates genetic variations affecting drug metabolism, helping optimize dosing for medications like warfarin.