Nokea
A male client reports painful urination and a creamy yellow drainage from the urethra. During the assessment, he admits to having unprotected sex. With which STI does the nurse associate these clinical manifestations?
- A. Candidiasis
- B. HPV
- C. Trichomoniasis
- D. Gonorrhea
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Gonorrhea. Painful urination and yellow discharge from the urethra are classic symptoms of gonorrhea, a bacterial sexually transmitted infection (STI). Gonorrhea is commonly transmitted through unprotected sexual contact. The creamy yellow discharge is a key indicator of gonorrhea infection. The other choices are incorrect because:
A: Candidiasis typically presents with white, cottage cheese-like discharge and itching, not yellow discharge or painful urination.
B: HPV does not cause painful urination or discharge from the urethra; it usually presents with genital warts or abnormal pap smears.
C: Trichomoniasis may cause green, frothy discharge and discomfort, but not creamy yellow discharge or painful urination.
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An absence of what may facilitate the occurrence of bacterial vaginosis?
- A. Antibodies
- B. Lactobacillus acidophilus
- C. Gardnerella vaginalis
- D. Vaginal mucosa
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Correct Answer: B - Lactobacillus acidophilus
Rationale: Lactobacillus acidophilus is a beneficial bacteria that helps maintain the acidic pH of the vagina, inhibiting the growth of harmful bacteria like Gardnerella vaginalis. An absence of Lactobacillus acidophilus can disrupt the vaginal microbiota balance, allowing for the overgrowth of harmful bacteria and leading to bacterial vaginosis.
Summary of Incorrect Choices:
A: Antibodies - Antibodies play a role in the immune response but are not directly related to the occurrence of bacterial vaginosis.
C: Gardnerella vaginalis - Gardnerella vaginalis is a bacteria associated with bacterial vaginosis, not its absence.
D: Vaginal mucosa - The integrity of the vaginal mucosa is important for protection, but its absence would not directly facilitate bacterial vaginosis.
Which are major risk factors for breast cancer? Select all that apply.
- A. Female gender
- B. Increasing age over 50 years
- C. Personal history of breast cancer (in situ or invasive), family history of breast cancer in first-degree relatives (parent, sibling, child)
- D. High-fat diet, Alcohol consumption (two or more drinks/day)
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because having a personal history of breast cancer, a family history of breast cancer in first-degree relatives, or both are major risk factors for developing breast cancer. This is due to the presence of genetic mutations that increase the likelihood of developing the disease. Choices A and B are not specific risk factors for breast cancer, although being female and increasing age are associated with higher risk. Choice D, high-fat diet and alcohol consumption, are not considered major risk factors for breast cancer.
A client comes to a community clinic after being informed by a sexual partner of possible recent exposure to syphilis. The nurse will examine the client for which clinical manifestation of syphilis in the primary stage?
- A. Chancre
- B. Copper-colored rash involving the trunk and extremities
- C. Flulike symptoms
- D. Condyloma lata
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Chancre. In the primary stage of syphilis, a painless, firm, and non-itchy sore called a chancre appears at the site of infection. This sore can develop within 3 weeks of exposure to the bacteria. It is important for the nurse to examine the client for chancres as they are a hallmark sign of primary syphilis.
B: A copper-colored rash involving the trunk and extremities is seen in the secondary stage of syphilis, not the primary stage.
C: Flulike symptoms may occur in the primary stage but are not specific to syphilis.
D: Condyloma lata are wart-like growths seen in secondary syphilis, not the primary stage.
Therefore, the presence of a chancre is the key clinical manifestation to identify in the primary stage of syphilis.
The nurse is providing education to parents of a child with cleft palate. What will the nurse instruct the parents to report immediately?
- A. Facial paralysis
- B. Ear infections
- C. Increasing intracranial pressure (ICP)
- D. Drooling
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Ear infections. Parents of a child with a cleft palate should report ear infections immediately because children with cleft palate are at higher risk for developing ear infections due to issues with Eustachian tube function. Ear infections can lead to hearing loss if left untreated. Facial paralysis (A) is not directly related to cleft palate. Increasing ICP (C) is not typically associated with cleft palate. Drooling (D) is common in children with cleft palate and does not require immediate reporting unless there are other concerning symptoms present.
A 17-year-old client presents to the clinic with concerns that she has not begun menstruating. She states that she is a gymnast and has been competing since she was 9 years old. Based on this history, what does the nurse know the client is most likely experiencing?
- A. Secondary amenorrhea
- B. Polycystic ovary syndrome
- C. Primary amenorrhea
- D. Dysmenorrhea
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Primary amenorrhea. A 17-year-old who has not started menstruating is experiencing primary amenorrhea. This is likely due to her intense physical activity as a gymnast, which can delay the onset of menstruation. Secondary amenorrhea (A) occurs when menstruation stops after it has already begun. Polycystic ovary syndrome (B) is characterized by hormonal imbalances and ovarian cysts, not delayed onset of menstruation. Dysmenorrhea (D) refers to painful menstruation, which is not the issue in this case.