Nokea
A man is ill with a protozoan disease characterized by cerebral affection and loss of sight. Blood analysis revealed halfmoon-shaped unicellular organisms with pointed ends. This disease is caused by:
- A. Toxoplasma B.Leishmania C.Lamblia D.Amoeba E.Trichomonad
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Toxoplasma. Toxoplasma gondii causes Toxoplasmosis, a protozoan disease that can affect the brain and lead to vision loss. The halfmoon-shaped unicellular organisms with pointed ends described in the blood analysis are characteristic of Toxoplasma parasites. Toxoplasma infection commonly occurs through ingestion of contaminated food or water, or contact with infected cat feces. Leishmania causes Leishmaniasis, Lamblia causes Giardiasis, Amoeba causes Amebiasis, and Trichomonad causes Trichomoniasis, none of which match the symptoms and blood analysis findings described in the question.
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Which of the following characteristics of mumps infection is NOT true:
- A. Only the person can be infected
- B. Is a vaccine-preventable disease
- C. Is a highly contagious disease
- D. Transmission routes are via air droplets and direct contact
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. Mumps is a contagious disease transmitted through air droplets and direct contact.
2. The correct answer is A because mumps can infect both humans and animals.
3. Choice B is incorrect as mumps is vaccine-preventable.
4. Choice C is correct as mumps is highly contagious.
5. Choice D is accurate as mumps is transmitted via air droplets and direct contact.
Summary:
The correct answer is A because mumps can infect both humans and animals, making it untrue that only humans can be infected. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as mumps is vaccine-preventable, highly contagious, and transmitted through air droplets and direct contact.
Which antibiotics against Parvovirus B19 can be found during the first 10-14 days of the infection:
- A. IgG
- B. IgA
- C. IgD
- D. IgM
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: IgM. IgM antibodies are the first type of antibodies produced by the immune system in response to an acute infection, such as Parvovirus B19. During the first 10-14 days of the infection, IgM antibodies are usually detectable in the blood, indicating a recent or ongoing infection. IgG antibodies (choice A) are produced later in the immune response and indicate past infection or immunity. IgA (choice B) is more commonly associated with mucosal immunity and may not be as prominent in the early stages of systemic infections. IgD (choice C) is primarily found on the surface of B cells and is involved in B cell activation but is not typically used as a marker for acute infections like IgM.
Which statement about leptospirosis is INCORRECT:
- A. Leptospirosis is acute infectious disease with typical geographic distribution
- B. Reservoirs of leptospira are different wild and domestic animals-mainly rodents
- C. Leptospira can be cultivated on blood and chocolate agar
- D. doxycycline and penicillins are drugs of choice for treatment of leptospirosis
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because Leptospira cannot be cultivated on blood and chocolate agar. The bacterium requires specialized media such as Ellinghausen-McCullough-Johnson-Harris (EMJH) medium for growth. Blood and chocolate agar do not provide the necessary nutrients for the bacterium's growth. Leptospira is a fastidious organism that has unique culture requirements. Therefore, the statement that Leptospira can be cultivated on blood and chocolate agar is incorrect. The other choices are correct: A - Leptospirosis is an acute infectious disease with a typical geographic distribution, B - Reservoirs of leptospira are different wild and domestic animals, mainly rodents, and D - Doxycycline and penicillins are drugs of choice for the treatment of leptospirosis.
What type of immune reaction is most common in identification of vibrio cholerae
- A. Agglutination
- B. Precipitation
- C. Western blot
- D. ELISA
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Agglutination. Agglutination is commonly used to identify Vibrio cholerae by clumping together the bacteria with specific antibodies. This reaction occurs when antibodies bind to antigens on the bacterial surface, leading to visible clumps. In contrast, Precipitation, Western blot, and ELISA are not typically used to identify Vibrio cholerae. Precipitation involves antigen-antibody complexes becoming insoluble, Western blot is used for protein detection, and ELISA is commonly used for detecting specific antigens or antibodies in a sample. Agglutination is the most appropriate choice for identifying Vibrio cholerae due to its specific interaction with the bacteria's surface antigens.
Which bacteria produce urease enzyme to neutralize stomach acid?
- A. Salmonella typhi
- B. Escherichia coli
- C. Helicobacter pylori
- D. Shigella flexneri
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale:
1. Helicobacter pylori is known for producing urease enzyme to neutralize stomach acid.
2. Urease enzyme converts urea into ammonia, buffering the acidic pH.
3. This adaptation allows H. pylori to survive in the acidic environment of the stomach.
4. Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli, and Shigella flexneri do not produce urease.
5. Therefore, C is the correct answer based on the unique urease-producing capability of H. pylori.