Nokea
A man is terminally ill with end-stage prostate cancer. Which is the best statement about this man’s wellness?
- A. Wellness can only be achieved with aggressive medical interventions.
- B. Wellness is not a real option for this client because he is terminally ill.
- C. Wellness is defined as the absence of disease.
- D. Nursing interventions can help empower a client to achieve a higher level of wellness.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because nursing interventions can focus on enhancing the client's quality of life, comfort, and emotional well-being even in the face of terminal illness. Nurses can provide support, educate the client and family, manage symptoms, and empower the client to find meaning and purpose in their life. This approach contributes to a higher level of wellness by addressing holistic needs beyond just medical interventions.
Incorrect choices:
A: Wellness can be achieved through various means, not just aggressive medical interventions.
B: Wellness is still achievable in terms of emotional, social, and spiritual well-being even with a terminal illness.
C: Wellness involves physical, emotional, social, and spiritual aspects beyond just the absence of disease.
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Tuberculosis
- A. can be spread by persons who have positive skin tests and no symptoms
- B. presents a higher risk for clients who take immunosuppressant medications
- C. is caused by a virus related to HIV
- D. in the early stages, causes the client to gain weight and be short of breath
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because tuberculosis is an infectious bacterial disease that primarily affects the lungs. Clients taking immunosuppressant medications have weakened immune systems, making them more susceptible to developing active tuberculosis. This is due to the fact that the immune system is less able to fight off the bacteria causing tuberculosis. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because tuberculosis is not spread by persons with positive skin tests and no symptoms, it is caused by bacteria (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) not a virus related to HIV, and it typically causes weight loss and not weight gain in the early stages.
Which common cognitive impairment is often mistaken for normal aging in older adults?
- A. Mild cognitive impairment (MCI)
- B. Alzheimer's disease
- C. Dementia with Lewy bodies
- D. Vascular dementia
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Mild cognitive impairment (MCI). MCI is often mistaken for normal aging because it involves subtle changes in memory and thinking abilities that are beyond what is expected for age but not severe enough to be classified as dementia. Individuals with MCI may experience forgetfulness or difficulty with complex tasks, which can be misconstrued as typical age-related changes. Alzheimer's disease (B), dementia with Lewy bodies (C), and vascular dementia (D) are all forms of dementia characterized by more significant cognitive decline and functional impairment compared to MCI, making them less likely to be confused with normal aging.
Which of the following is a sign of frailty in older adults?
- A. Increased muscle mass
- B. Unexplained weight gain
- C. Difficulty walking and balance issues
- D. Improved cognitive function
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C - Difficulty walking and balance issues. Frailty in older adults is characterized by physical weakness, decreased muscle strength, and reduced functional capacity. Difficulty walking and balance issues are key indicators of frailty as they reflect a decline in physical capabilities. Increased muscle mass (A) is not a sign of frailty but rather a positive indicator of strength. Unexplained weight gain (B) may not necessarily be related to frailty. Improved cognitive function (D) is unrelated to physical frailty.
How does dehydration impact older adults more than younger adults?
- A. Older adults have a higher percentage of body water
- B. Older adults have reduced kidney function and thirst sensation
- C. Dehydration does not affect older adults more significantly
- D. Older adults are less prone to dehydration
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because older adults have reduced kidney function, which impairs their ability to concentrate urine and retain water. Additionally, they may have a diminished thirst sensation, making them less likely to drink enough fluids. This combination of factors makes older adults more vulnerable to dehydration compared to younger adults.
Choice A is incorrect because older adults actually have a lower percentage of body water due to age-related changes in body composition. Choice C is incorrect as dehydration can indeed have a more significant impact on older adults due to their physiological changes. Choice D is incorrect as older adults are actually more prone to dehydration due to various age-related factors.
The term health disparity is defined as
- A. The systematic elimination of the culture of another resulting in decreased wellness.
- B. Differences in health outcomes among groups.
- C. The difference between an expected incidence and prevalence and that which actually occurs in a comparison population group.
- D. The existence of more than one group with differing values and perspective.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because health disparity refers to variations in health outcomes among different groups due to factors such as socioeconomic status, race, ethnicity, etc. This definition accurately captures the essence of health disparity as it highlights the unequal distribution of health outcomes.
Choice A is incorrect because it refers to cultural elimination, which is not the definition of health disparity. Choice C is incorrect as it talks about differences in expected and actual incidence, not health outcomes among groups. Choice D is incorrect as it focuses on values and perspectives rather than health outcomes.