Nokea
A mercury-containing compound used as a preservative in vaccines is:
- A. analgesic
- B. EDTA
- C. codeine
- D. thimerosal
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: thimerosal. Thimerosal is a mercury-containing compound used as a preservative in vaccines. It helps prevent contamination and growth of bacteria and fungi in multi-dose vials. Choice A, analgesic, refers to pain relievers, not preservatives. Choice B, EDTA, is a chelating agent used to bind metal ions and is not a preservative. Choice C, codeine, is an opioid pain medication and not a preservative used in vaccines. Thimerosal is the correct answer as it specifically fits the description of a mercury-containing compound used in vaccines.
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The sepsis is:
- A. Presence of bacteria in the blood
- B. Bacteremia, accompanied with chemical and laboratory data for systemic information
- C. Massive proliferation of toxins in the blood with organ failure
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D. Sepsis is a systemic response to infection resulting in organ dysfunction.
A: Sepsis can be caused by bacterial infection, but it is not solely defined by the presence of bacteria in the blood.
B: Bacteremia is the presence of bacteria in the blood, which can be a component of sepsis, but sepsis involves a broader systemic response beyond just bacteremia.
C: Sepsis can lead to the release of toxins and organ failure, but sepsis itself is not defined solely by the massive proliferation of toxins.
Therefore, the correct answer is D, as sepsis can involve the presence of bacteria, bacteremia, systemic manifestations, and organ failure.
A patient has been brought to the hospital with the complaints of headache, pain in left hypochondrium. He has been ill for 1,5 weeks. The sudden illness began with the increase of body temperature up to 39, 90C. In 3 hours the temperature decreased and hydropoiesis began. The attacks repeat rhythmically in 48 hours. The patient had visited one an African country. The doctors have suspected malaria. What method of laboratory diagnostics is necessary to use?
- A. Blood examination
- B. Immunological tests
- C. Stool examination
- D. Urine examination
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct method of laboratory diagnostics for suspected malaria is blood examination. Malaria is diagnosed by detecting the presence of the Plasmodium parasite in the patient's blood. This can be done through microscopy to identify the parasite in a blood smear or through rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) that detect specific antigens produced by the parasite. Blood examination allows for the direct visualization of the parasite, making it the most accurate method for diagnosing malaria. Immunological tests, stool examination, and urine examination are not suitable for diagnosing malaria as the parasite primarily resides in the red blood cells. Stool and urine examinations are more commonly used for diagnosing gastrointestinal or urinary tract infections, respectively.
Viruses can infect
- A. plants.
- B. bacteria.
- C. animals.
- D. all organisms.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because viruses have the ability to infect all organisms, including plants, bacteria, animals, and even fungi. Viruses are non-living entities that require a host cell to replicate and spread. They can infect a wide range of organisms by attaching to specific receptors on the host cell's surface. Therefore, the correct answer is D as viruses have the capability to infect all living organisms. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because viruses can infect not only plants, bacteria, and animals but also other organisms, making choice D the most comprehensive and accurate option.
A smear prepared from material obtained from patient with suspected diphtheria contains yellow bacilli with blue grains at their ends. What staining was used in this case?
- A. Ziehl-Nielsen
- B. Kozlovsky
- C. Romanovsky
- D. Loefler
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Loefler. This staining method is used for identifying Corynebacterium diphtheriae, the causative agent of diphtheria. It involves using methylene blue and basic fuchsin to stain the bacteria. The yellow bacilli with blue grains at their ends indicate the characteristic appearance of C. diphtheriae when stained using the Loefler method.
Choice A: Ziehl-Nielsen is used for acid-fast bacteria like Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Choice B: Kozlovsky is not a standard staining method in microbiology.
Choice C: Romanovsky is used for blood smears to identify malaria parasites.
The incubation period for hepatitis B is:
- A. One week - 10 days
- B. One month - 45 days
- C. Up to 3 months
- D. Up to 6 months
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Up to 3 months. Hepatitis B has an average incubation period of 60-90 days, which aligns with the timeframe of up to 3 months. This period refers to the time between exposure to the virus and the onset of symptoms. One week to 10 days (choice A) is too short for hepatitis B, as it typically takes longer to manifest. One month to 45 days (choice B) is also shorter than the average incubation period for hepatitis B. Up to 6 months (choice D) is too long for hepatitis B, as the virus typically shows symptoms within 3 months.