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A mother delivers an infant at 30 weeks gestation and asks if formula is better than breast milk since the baby is premature. What should the nurse respond?
- A. Human milk is preferred over other types of nutrition
- B. Human milk lacks essential nutrients for preterm infants
- C. Commercial infant formulas are preferred for preterm infants
- D. Commercial formulas have not been designed to meet preterm infants' needs
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Human milk is preferred, even for preterm infants, because it contains essential nutrients and antibodies that are particularly beneficial for their growth and development. Choice B is incorrect because human milk is rich in essential nutrients necessary for preterm infants. Choice C is incorrect as commercial infant formulas do not provide the same benefits as human milk. Choice D is incorrect as specialized formulas are available to meet the unique nutritional needs of preterm infants, but human milk remains the optimal choice.
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The LPN is caring for a 1-month-old patient post-surgery. Which pain scale is expected to be used to evaluate post-op pain?
- A. Oucher
- B. Wong-Baker FACES
- C. FLACC
- D. 0-10 pain scale
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The FLACC (Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability) scale is commonly used to assess pain in infants and young children who are unable to verbally communicate their pain. This scale is particularly useful in assessing post-operative pain in infants as it evaluates different behaviors and physiological responses to pain. The Oucher scale is more commonly used with children who are older and can provide self-report of pain intensity. Wong-Baker FACES scale is primarily used with children who are older and can indicate their pain level by pointing to facial expressions. The 0-10 pain scale is typically used with older children and adults who can rate their pain on a numerical scale.
What is the first sign of puberty in girls?
- A. Acne
- B. Hair growth in the pubic area and underarms
- C. Thelarche
- D. Menarche
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C, Thelarche. Thelarche refers to the onset of breast development, which is typically the first sign of puberty in girls. This occurs before menarche (the first menstrual period). Choices A and B, acne and hair growth in the pubic area and underarms, are not the first signs of puberty in girls. While acne can be a common occurrence during puberty, it usually appears after other physical changes. Hair growth in the pubic area and underarms also occurs later in the puberty process.
A child has a central venous access device for intravenous (IV) fluid administration. A blood sample is needed for a complete blood count, hemogram, and electrolytes. What is the appropriate procedure to implement for this blood sample?
- A. Perform a new venipuncture to obtain the blood sample.
- B. Interrupt the IV fluid and withdraw the blood sample needed.
- C. Withdraw a blood sample equal to the amount of fluid in the device, discard, and then withdraw the sample needed.
- D. Flush the line and central venous device with saline and then aspirate the required amount of blood for the sample.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Failed to generate a rationale of 500+ characters after 5 retries.
Clinical manifestations of sodium excess (hypernatremia) include which signs or symptoms?
- A. Hyperreflexia
- B. Abdominal cramps
- C. Cardiac dysrhythmias
- D. Dry, sticky mucous membranes
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Failed to generate a rationale of 500+ characters after 5 retries.
Physiologically, the child compensates for fluid volume losses by which mechanism?
- A. Inhibition of aldosterone secretion
- B. Hemoconcentration to reduce cardiac workload
- C. Fluid shift from interstitial space to intravascular space
- D. Vasodilation of peripheral arterioles to increase perfusion
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Failed to generate a rationale of 500+ characters after 5 retries.