Nokea
A newborn infant obtains maternal antibodies from the mother's
- A. laguno.
- B. colostrum.
- C. rubell
- D. placent
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: colostrum. Colostrum is the first milk produced by the mother after giving birth. It is rich in antibodies, providing passive immunity to the newborn. This helps protect the infant from infections until its own immune system fully develops.
A: laguno - Not a substance related to maternal antibodies.
C: rubell - Incorrect spelling and not relevant to maternal antibodies.
D: placent - While the placenta does provide nutrients and oxygen to the fetus, it is not the source of maternal antibodies transferred to the newborn.
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Vener/o refers to:
- A. Vagina
- B. Vulva
- C. Sexual intercourse
- D. Hymen
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Vulva. The term "vener/o" specifically refers to the external female genitalia, which includes the labia, clitoris, vaginal opening, and other structures collectively known as the vulva. The term does not refer to the vagina (A), which is the internal canal leading to the cervix. It also does not refer to sexual intercourse (C), which is the act of engaging in sexual activity. Lastly, it is not related to the hymen (D), which is a thin membrane partially covering the vaginal opening. Therefore, based on the definition and context of the term "vener/o," the correct answer is B: Vulva.
The development strategy where the young develop within their mother's uterus and obtain nourishment from the mother via placenta is best described as
- A. Oviparity.
- B. Viviparity.
- C. Semelparity.
- D. Ovoviviparity.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Viviparity. Viviparity refers to the development strategy where young develop within the mother's uterus and receive nourishment through the placenta. This is the best description for the scenario provided.
A: Oviparity involves laying eggs externally.
C: Semelparity is a reproductive strategy where an organism reproduces only once in its lifetime.
D: Ovoviviparity is a combination of oviparity and viviparity, where eggs are retained within the mother's body until they hatch.
Your 30 year old female patient is c/o bad-smelling vaginal discharge with mild itching for about 3 weeks. Douching did not help. Denies painful urination or intercourse. She noticed the smell increased after intercourse and during her period last week. There are no lesions on the perineum. No lymphadenopathy. On speculum examination, there is a thin gray-white discharge. The pH of the discharge is over 4.5 and there is a fishy odor when potassium hydroxide (KOH) is applied to the vaginal secretions on the slide. Wet prep shows epithelial cells with stippled border (clue cells). What type of vaginitis best describes the findings?
- A. Trichomonas vaginitis
- B. Candida vaginitis
- C. Bacterial vaginosis
- D. Atrophic vaginitis
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Bacterial vaginosis. The key findings in this scenario point towards bacterial vaginosis. The presence of thin gray-white discharge, fishy odor with KOH, pH over 4.5, and clue cells on wet prep are classic for bacterial vaginosis. Trichomonas vaginitis (choice A) typically presents with yellow-green frothy discharge and motile trichomonads on microscopy. Candida vaginitis (choice B) is characterized by thick, white, cottage cheese-like discharge and budding yeast or pseudohyphae on microscopy. Atrophic vaginitis (choice D) usually occurs in menopausal women due to estrogen deficiency and presents with thin, pale vaginal walls and vaginal dryness. In this case, the absence of these findings makes bacterial vaginosis the most likely diagnosis.
The outer fibrous vascular membrane that covers the surface of a long bone is termed as
- A. Endomysium
- B. Periosteum
- C. Perimysium
- D. Endosteum
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Periosteum. The periosteum is the outer fibrous vascular membrane that covers the surface of a long bone. It plays a crucial role in bone growth, repair, and nutrition. The endomysium (A) is a connective tissue sheath that surrounds individual muscle fibers, not bones. The perimysium (C) is a connective tissue sheath that surrounds bundles of muscle fibers, not bones. The endosteum (D) is a thin membrane that lines the inner surface of bones, not the outer surface. Therefore, the periosteum is the correct choice for the outer fibrous vascular membrane covering a long bone.
The process of release of ovum from the ovary is termed as
- A. Dessication
- B. Ovulation
- C. Fenestration
- D. Maturation
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Ovulation. Ovulation is the process of the release of the mature egg (ovum) from the ovary. During ovulation, the egg is released into the fallopian tube where it can potentially be fertilized by sperm. Dessication (A) refers to the process of drying out, Fenestration (C) is the creation of an opening or hole, and Maturation (D) is the process of becoming mature. Therefore, the correct term specifically related to the release of the egg from the ovary is ovulation.