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A newborn with hypospadias: The parents ask if circumcision is an option. Which is the best response?
- A. Circumcision is a fading practice and is now contraindicated.
- B. Circumcision is recommended to prevent infection.
- C. Circumcision is an option but should be delayed, as the foreskin may be needed for surgical repair.
- D. Circumcision can never be performed in a child with hypospadias.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: In hypospadias, preserving the foreskin may be beneficial for repair, so circumcision is usually delayed.
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The first permanent tooth to erupt is
- A. central incisor at 6 years
- B. molar at 6 years
- C. premolar lower canine at 6-7 years
- D. upper canine at 6-7 years
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The first molar typically erupts at 6 years.
A 1-year old boy presents with high grade fever and conjunctivitis for 4 days followed by generalized maculopapular rash. One of his elder siblings had similar complaints 10 days back. The most likely diagnosis is?
- A. Rubella
- B. Kawasaki disease
- C. Scarlet fever
- D. Measles
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Measles presents with high-grade fever, conjunctivitis, and a maculopapular rash appearing after a few days of illness, often following a similar illness in a sibling.
Herpes zoster is caused by the varicella virus and has an affinity for:
- A. sympathetic nerve fibers.
- B. parasympathetic nerve fibers.
- C. posterior root ganglia and posterior horn of the spinal cord.
- D. lateral and dorsal columns of the spinal cord.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Herpes zoster, commonly known as shingles, is caused by the reactivation of the varicella-zoster virus, the same virus that causes chickenpox. This virus has an affinity for sensory nerve fibers, particularly those located in the posterior root ganglia and the posterior horn of the spinal cord. When the virus becomes reactivated, it travels along these nerves to the skin, leading to the characteristic painful rash and blisters that are seen in herpes zoster. The involvement of these specific nerve fibers explains the typical dermatomal distribution of the rash in shingles.
Tumor lysis syndrome is a common complication during treatment of pediatric malignancies. Which malignancy is more likely to manifest such complication?
- A. acute myelogenous leukemia (AML)
- B. nephroblastoma
- C. neuroblastoma
- D. Burkitt lymphoma
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Burkitt lymphoma is highly proliferative and sensitive to chemotherapy, leading to rapid cell death and tumor lysis syndrome.
A 27-year old adult is admitted for treatment of Crohn's disease. Which information is most significant when the nurse assesses nutritional health?
- A. Anthropometric measurements
- B. dry skin
- C. bleeding gums
- D. facialrubor
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Anthropometric measurements, such as height, weight, body mass index (BMI), and waist circumference, are essential in assessing the nutritional health of a patient with Crohn's disease. These measurements provide objective data about the patient's nutritional status, body composition, and risk for malnutrition. Monitoring changes in these measurements over time can help identify nutritional deficiencies, weight loss, or malnutrition in patients with Crohn's disease. Dry skin, bleeding gums, and facial rubor can be symptoms of other health conditions, but anthropometric measurements directly assess the nutritional health of the patient.