Nokea
A non-competitive antagonist :
- A. Alters the mechanism of action of an agonist
- B. Alters the potency of an agonist
- C. Shifts the dose-response curve of an agonist to the right
- D. Decreases the maximum response to an agonist
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Non-competitive antagonists reduce the maximal response (efficacy), not potency, distinguishing them from competitive antagonists.
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In clinical practice glucocorticoids are used for:
- A. Cavernosus tuberculosis
- B. Syphilis
- C. Fungal disease
- D. Colagenosis (Systemic connective tissue disorders, e.g. rheumatism, systemic lupus erythematosus, etc.)
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Glucocorticoids are used for collagenoses like lupus due to their anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects.
A nurse in the post-anesthesia recovery unit is caring for a client who received a nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent and has muscle weakness. The nurse should anticipate a prescription for which of the following medications?
- A. Neostigmine
- B. Naloxone
- C. Dantrolene
- D. Vecuronium
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Neostigmine reverses nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockers by increasing acetylcholine.
A 32-year-old female is dehydrated after running a marathon in hot and humid weather. She requires an IV fluid to increase the blood volume and rehydrate the cells. Which one of the following IV fluids would be appropriate for her condition?
- A. Hypertonic crystalloid solution
- B. Isotonic crystalloid solution
- C. Packed red blood cells
- D. Hypotonic crystalloid solution
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Isotonic solutions (e.g., normal saline) restore volume and hydration without shifting fluids excessively.
The nurse, providing patient teaching about home medication use to an older adult, explains that even when drugs are taken properly they can produce negative or unexpected effects. What are these negative or unexpected effects called?
- A. Teratogenic effects
- B. Toxic effects
- C. Adverse effects
- D. Therapeutic effects
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Negative or unexpected effects are known as adverse or side effects. Teratogenic effects are adverse effects on the fetus and not a likely concern for an older adult. Toxic effects occur when medication is taken in larger than recommended dosages caused by an increase in serum drug levels. Therapeutic effects are the desired actions for which the medication is prescribed.
All the following cross placenta except
- A. Warfarin
- B. Heparin
- C. Phenindione
- D. Morphine
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Heparin, a large molecule, does not cross the placenta; others do.