Nokea
A nurse attends a seminar on the immune system and learns about the different lymphocytes in the body. Where do the T lymphocytes originate from and where do they travel to?
- A. Bone marrow and the lymph nodes
- B. Bone marrow and plasma
- C. Bone marrow and spleen
- D. Bone marrow and thymus
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: T lymphocytes originate in the bone marrow and mature in the thymus where they become specialized for immune responses.
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To prevent the debilitating cycle of fatigue-depression-fatigue in patients receiving radiation therapy, what should the nurse encourage the patient to do?
- A. Implement a walking program
- B. Ignore the fatigue as much as possible
- C. Do the most stressful activities when fatigue is tolerable
- D. Schedule rest periods throughout the day whether fatigue is present or not
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Scheduled rest periods help break the cycle of fatigue and depression.
Which of the following complement components mediate inflammation?
- A. C3b
- B. C3a, C4a, and C5a
- C. C5b
- D. C1q
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B (C3a, C4a, and C5a) because these complement components are known as anaphylatoxins that mediate inflammation by inducing vasodilation, increasing vascular permeability, and recruiting immune cells. C3b (choice A) is involved in opsonization, not inflammation. C5b (choice C) is part of the membrane attack complex for cell lysis. C1q (choice D) initiates the classical complement pathway, but it does not directly mediate inflammation.
What is the consequence of granzyme entering a target cell?
- A. Neutralization of toxins
- B. Activation of apoptosis pathways
- C. Inhibition of cytokine secretion
- D. Promotion of antigen presentation
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Granzyme entering a target cell activates apoptosis pathways by inducing cell death. Firstly, granzyme activates caspases leading to cell death. Secondly, it triggers DNA fragmentation and cell shrinkage. Lastly, it enhances membrane blebbing and apoptotic body formation. The other choices are incorrect because granzyme does not neutralize toxins, inhibit cytokine secretion, or promote antigen presentation within a target cell.
TLRs contain a cytoplasmic TIR domain also found in the receptor of
- A. Type I Interferons
- B. IL-1β
- C. TNF-α
- D. IL-8
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for Choice B (IL-1β) being correct:
1. The TIR domain is present in Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and IL-1 receptor.
2. TLRs recognize various microbial products, while IL-1 receptor binds IL-1 cytokines.
3. Both TLRs and IL-1 receptor signal through the TIR domain.
4. IL-1β is a cytokine that binds to IL-1 receptor, which contains a TIR domain.
Summary of why the other choices are incorrect:
A: Type I Interferons - Type I interferons signal through JAK-STAT pathway, not TIR domain.
C: TNF-α - TNF receptor family signals through TNF receptor-associated death domain, not TIR domain.
D: IL-8 - IL-8 binds to CXCR1 and CXCR2 receptors, which do not contain a TIR domain.
In summary, Choice B
Anemia
- A. cancer of white blood cells
- B. results in extra leukocytes that do not function properly
- C. is usually fatal unless treated
- D. Abnormally low amounts of hemoglobin or red blood cells
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because anemia is defined as having abnormally low amounts of hemoglobin or red blood cells, leading to reduced oxygen-carrying capacity. This results in symptoms such as fatigue and weakness. Choice A is incorrect because anemia is not related to cancer of white blood cells. Choice B is incorrect as anemia does not result in extra leukocytes; rather, it leads to a decrease in red blood cells. Choice C is incorrect as anemia is not usually fatal if treated promptly and effectively.