Nokea
The vascular instability observed in severe sepsis is caused by
- A. Systemic release of cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-1β
- B. Complement activation
- C. Release of high levels of lipid mediators
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because all the choices contribute to the vascular instability observed in severe sepsis. A: Systemic release of cytokines like TNF-α and IL-1β leads to vasodilation and increased capillary permeability. B: Complement activation causes inflammation and vasodilation. C: Release of high levels of lipid mediators like prostaglandins and leukotrienes further exacerbates vasodilation and vascular permeability. Therefore, all these mechanisms combined lead to the vascular instability seen in severe sepsis.
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Which dietary change is most beneficial in reducing the risk of colorectal cancer?
- A. Increased fiber intake
- B. High-fat diet
- C. Reduced carbohydrate consumption
- D. Increased protein intake
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Increased fiber intake promotes healthy digestion and reduces the risk of colorectal cancer.
The nurse is caring for clients on the medical-surgical unit. What action by the nurse will help prevent a client from having a type II hypersensitivity reaction?
- A. Administering steroids for a positive TB test
- B. Correctly identifying the client prior to a blood transfusion
- C. Keeping the client free of the offending agent
- D. Providing a latex-free environment for the client
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because correctly identifying the client prior to a blood transfusion helps prevent a type II hypersensitivity reaction, which occurs when the body attacks its own cells due to mismatched blood types. This action ensures that the client receives compatible blood, reducing the risk of a transfusion reaction. Administering steroids for a positive TB test (A) is unrelated to preventing a type II hypersensitivity reaction. Keeping the client free of the offending agent (C) is more relevant to preventing a type IV hypersensitivity reaction. Providing a latex-free environment for the client (D) is important for preventing a type I hypersensitivity reaction in latex-sensitive individuals, not type II reactions related to blood transfusions.
What is the function of IgA?
- A. Allergy mediation
- B. Placental transfer
- C. Mucosal immunity
- D. Primary response
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Mucosal immunity. IgA plays a crucial role in protecting mucosal surfaces, such as the lining of the gut and respiratory tract, from pathogens. It helps prevent infections by neutralizing and blocking the entry of harmful substances. IgA is not involved in allergy mediation (choice A), placental transfer (choice B), or primary response (choice D), as those functions are typically associated with other types of antibodies. IgA's specificity for mucosal surfaces makes it uniquely suited for providing defense at these vulnerable sites.
To produce better flu vaccines we want:
- A. To block spreading of the infection by inducing a cytotoxic T cell response that would directly prevent viral entry into uninfected cells
- B. To induce the formation of highly strain-specific neutralizing antibodies that would prevent viral entry into uninfected cells
- C. To induce antibodies able to recognize HA across different strains by targeting less variable regions of HA
- D. All of the above is reasonably expected to improve the success of flu vaccines
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because inducing antibodies that can recognize the less variable regions of the Hemagglutinin (HA) protein across different strains allows for cross-protection against various flu strains. This approach is effective as it targets conserved regions of the virus, increasing the likelihood of providing broad immunity. Option A focuses on cytotoxic T cell response, which primarily targets infected cells and may not prevent viral entry into uninfected cells. Option B, on the other hand, is limited to highly strain-specific neutralizing antibodies, which may not provide adequate protection against evolving flu strains. Therefore, option C is the most effective in producing better flu vaccines by targeting less variable regions of HA for broader immunity.
The nurse has administered prescribed allergen injections twice a week for several weeks to an individual with a bee sting allergy. The patient misses three appointments. What action should the nurse take on the patient's next visit?
- A. Consult physician to confirm the dosage to be given.
- B. Administer the same dosage as was given at the last visit.
- C. Administer the dosage as originally prescribed for that visit.
- D. Tell the patient that the entire immunotherapy schedule needs to be restarted.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Consult physician to confirm the dosage to be given. The nurse should consult the physician because missing three appointments may affect the patient's progress and tolerance to the allergen injections. The physician needs to reassess the situation and determine the appropriate action, which may involve adjusting the dosage or reevaluating the treatment plan. This ensures patient safety and effectiveness of the treatment.
Summary:
B: Administering the same dosage as the last visit may not be appropriate without physician consultation.
C: Administering the dosage as originally prescribed may not account for any changes in the patient's condition.
D: Restarting the entire immunotherapy schedule is an extreme measure and should only be considered after consultation with the physician.