Nokea
A nurse finds that before lunch a diabetic client is having signs of hypoglycemia. The accucheck is 54. How many grams of carbohydrates should the nurse give immediately to the client?
- A. 20 grams
- B. 15 grams
- C. 10 grams
- D. 5 grams
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: For hypoglycemia (blood glucose less than 70 mg/dL), the nurse should give 15 grams of fast-acting carbohydrates to quickly raise the blood glucose level.
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Mr. B, diagnosed with hypothyroidism, is being discharged after starting thyroid hormone therapy. Which of the following would indicate that the treatment is effective?
- A. A decrease in weight
- B. Normal serum thyroid hormone levels
- C. Relief of fatigue
- D. Increased appetite
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Effective treatment for hypothyroidism is indicated by normalization of thyroid hormone levels, which helps alleviate symptoms like fatigue and weight gain.
Pralidoxime is a cholinesterase reactivator used in the treatment of toxicity by:
- A. Atropine
- B. Nicotine
- C. Organic phosphate
- D. Amphetamine
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Organic phosphate. Pralidoxime is used to treat toxicity caused by organophosphates, which inhibit cholinesterase enzymes. Pralidoxime works by reactivating the inhibited cholinesterase enzymes, restoring their function. Atropine is used to counteract the effects of excessive acetylcholine in cholinergic toxicity, not organophosphate poisoning. Nicotine is a nicotinic receptor agonist and not treated with pralidoxime. Amphetamine is a central nervous system stimulant and does not involve cholinesterase inhibition. Therefore, the correct answer is C as pralidoxime is specifically used to treat toxicity caused by organophosphates.
Which nerve is NOT involved in the efferent (motor) swallow reflex?
- A. trigeminal
- B. vagus
- C. facial
- D. hypoglossal
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: vagus. The efferent swallow reflex involves motor nerves responsible for swallowing. The vagus nerve is primarily responsible for the afferent (sensory) pathway in the swallow reflex, while the efferent pathway involves the trigeminal, facial, and hypoglossal nerves. The trigeminal nerve (A) controls chewing muscles, the facial nerve (C) is responsible for facial expressions and some swallowing muscles, and the hypoglossal nerve (D) controls the movement of the tongue during swallowing. Therefore, the vagus nerve is not directly involved in the efferent motor control of swallowing, making it the correct answer.
The secretions from which of these glands differs between males and females?
- A. Adrenal
- B. Gonads
- C. Parathyroid
- D. Pancreas
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Gonads. Gonads are the primary reproductive organs, responsible for producing sex hormones and gametes. In males, the testes produce testosterone and sperm, while in females, the ovaries produce estrogen and eggs. Adrenal glands (A) produce hormones like cortisol and adrenaline, which are not sex-specific. Parathyroid glands (C) regulate calcium levels in the body. Pancreas (D) produces insulin and digestive enzymes, unrelated to sex differences. Therefore, the secretion from gonads is the only one that differs between males and females due to their distinct reproductive functions.
Individualized nutrition therapy for patients using conventional, fixed insulin regimens should include teaching the patient to
- A. eat regular meals at regular times.
- B. restrict calories to promote moderate weight loss.
- C. eliminate sucrose and other simple sugars from the diet.
- D. limit saturated fat intake to 30% of dietary calorie intake.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Patients with fixed insulin regimens should eat regular meals to match insulin action and prevent hypoglycemia.