Nokea
What is the role of the adrenal gland during moments of danger?
- A. Secrete hormones that lower metabolism.
- B. Secrete hormones that speed up digestion.
- C. Secrete hormones that increase heart rate and blood pressure.
- D. Secrete hormones that decrease heart rate and blood pressure.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because during moments of danger, the adrenal gland secretes hormones like adrenaline and cortisol to prepare the body for a "fight or flight" response. These hormones increase heart rate and blood pressure to supply more oxygen and nutrients to the muscles, enabling the body to react quickly to the danger. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because lowering metabolism, speeding up digestion, and decreasing heart rate and blood pressure are not adaptive responses to danger.
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Exemplify hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary.
- A. anti-diuretic hormone and oxytocin
- B. ACTH and insulin
- C. growth hormone and LH
- D. thyroxine and cortisol
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: growth hormone and LH. The anterior pituitary gland secretes these hormones. Growth hormone regulates growth, metabolism, and body composition, while LH (luteinizing hormone) plays a role in reproductive function.
A: Anti-diuretic hormone and oxytocin are produced by the posterior pituitary gland.
B: ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) is secreted by the anterior pituitary, but insulin is produced by the pancreas.
D: Thyroxine is released by the thyroid gland, and cortisol is produced by the adrenal glands, not the anterior pituitary.
The element essential for normal thyroid function is:
- A. Potassium
- B. Sodium
- C. Iodine
- D. Calcium
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Iodine. Iodine is essential for the production of thyroid hormones T3 and T4. These hormones regulate metabolism, growth, and development. Potassium (A), Sodium (B), and Calcium (D) do not play a direct role in thyroid function. Potassium and Sodium are electrolytes important for nerve function and fluid balance, while Calcium is crucial for bone health and muscle function. Therefore, the correct answer is Iodine as it is specifically required for normal thyroid function.
Regarding protein metabolism, which statement is CORRECT?
- A. increases the respiratory quotient to values > 1.0
- B. has a specific dynamic action (SDA) of approximately 10%
- C. endogenous protein breakdown is inhibited by glucagon
- D. creatinine excretion is not depressed in starvation
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because creatinine excretion is not depressed in starvation. Creatinine is a byproduct of muscle metabolism and is relatively constant even during starvation when muscle breakdown occurs. A: Incorrect, as increasing respiratory quotient > 1.0 indicates excessive carbohydrate utilization. B: Incorrect, SDA is the energy used for digestion and absorption of nutrients, not specific to protein metabolism. C: Incorrect, glucagon stimulates protein breakdown to release amino acids for energy during fasting.
The secretions from which of these glands differs between males and females?
- A. Adrenal
- B. Gonads
- C. Parathyroid
- D. Pancreas
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Gonads. Gonads are the primary reproductive organs, responsible for producing sex hormones and gametes. In males, the testes produce testosterone and sperm, while in females, the ovaries produce estrogen and eggs. Adrenal glands (A) produce hormones like cortisol and adrenaline, which are not sex-specific. Parathyroid glands (C) regulate calcium levels in the body. Pancreas (D) produces insulin and digestive enzymes, unrelated to sex differences. Therefore, the secretion from gonads is the only one that differs between males and females due to their distinct reproductive functions.
Fred, a newly diagnosed diabetic, is being discharged tomorrow. Which of the following should he be taught to report to his physician?
- A. A weight loss of 2 lb
- B. Having an occasional alcoholic drink
- C. Planning to play in a tennis tournament
- D. An ear infection following swimming
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: An ear infection, especially with diabetes, can increase the risk of complications, and it should be reported immediately.