Nokea
Which gluten-free food choice would be most appropriate for a patient with celiac disease?
- A. Scalloped potatoes
- B. Oatmeal
- C. Eggs
- D. Tortillas
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Eggs are a safe food choice for individuals with celiac disease as they are naturally gluten-free. Scalloped potatoes often contain flour in the sauce, which might contain gluten. Oatmeal can be a subject of debate due to possible cross-contamination during processing, so it might not be safe unless labeled gluten-free. Tortillas are typically made from wheat flour containing gluten, but gluten-free versions are available. However, eggs are universally gluten-free, making them the best choice for individuals with celiac disease.
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Amy is a 68-year-old patient who has rheumatoid arthritis affecting her hands and feet. Which substance has been shown to reduce joint tenderness and improve mobility in some people with this type of arthritis?
- A. Alfalfa Tea
- B. Cod Liver Oil
- C. Lecithin
- D. Fish Oil
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Fish oil has been identified as a substance that can help reduce joint tenderness and improve mobility in individuals with rheumatoid arthritis, as it is rich in omega-3 fatty acids. Omega-3 fatty acids have anti-inflammatory properties that can help alleviate the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis. On the other hand, while Alfalfa Tea, Cod Liver Oil, and Lecithin have various health benefits, there isn't substantial evidence to suggest that they can improve conditions associated with rheumatoid arthritis.
What are the manifestations of nephrotic syndrome?
- A. Dehydration
- B. Uremia
- C. Infection
- D. Low blood lipids
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Infection is a common manifestation of nephrotic syndrome. This is due to the loss of immunoglobulins in the urine, which weakens the body's immune defenses. Dehydration (Choice A) and uremia (Choice B) can be symptoms of kidney dysfunction but are not specific manifestations of nephrotic syndrome. Low blood lipids (Choice D) is incorrect as nephrotic syndrome typically results in high, not low, blood lipid levels due to the body's attempt to replace lost proteins.
Intrinsic factor from the stomach is needed for the absorption of which vitamin?
- A. vitamin B12
- B. folate
- C. niacin
- D. vitamin B6
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: vitamin B12. Intrinsic factor is a glycoprotein produced by the stomach that is necessary for the absorption of vitamin B12 in the small intestine. Vitamin B12 binds to intrinsic factor in the stomach, forming a complex that is then absorbed in the ileum. This absorption process is crucial for preventing vitamin B12 deficiency. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because they do not require intrinsic factor for absorption. Folate is absorbed in the small intestine through a different mechanism, niacin can be absorbed in the small intestine without the need for intrinsic factor, and vitamin B6 does not rely on intrinsic factor for absorption.
What primarily determines the Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) for protein?
- A. Intake of fatty acids
- B. Gender
- C. Height
- D. Body weight
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) for protein is primarily determined by an individual's body weight. This is because the body's protein requirement is proportionate to its size, which is generally reflected in the body weight. Therefore, choice D is correct. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect: While factors such as fatty acid intake, gender, and height can influence an individual's overall nutritional needs, they do not directly determine the DRI for protein.
Which type of lipid is solid at room temperature?
- A. Cholesterol
- B. Phospholipid
- C. Saturated fat
- D. Trans fat
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Saturated fats, such as those found in butter and lard, are typically solid at room temperature due to the lack of double bonds, which allows the fat molecules to pack closely together. Cholesterol (Choice A) is a steroid, not a fat, and while it's solid at room temperature, it doesn't fit the general category of 'lipid' in the context of this question. Phospholipids (Choice B) are a major component of all cell membranes and can be both solid and liquid at room temperature depending on their composition. Trans fats (Choice D) can also be solid or liquid at room temperature, but they are not typically referred to as 'lipids' in a general sense.