Nokea
A nurse is collecting data about the diet history of a client who has low blood sugar. Which of the following would be an important consideration in the diet history?
- A. Consumption of health foods
- B. Consumption of sea salt and kelp
- C. Consumption of seafood
- D. Consumption of carbohydrates
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: For clients with low blood sugar, it is important to assess their carbohydrate intake, as carbohydrates affect blood glucose levels.
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Identify the gland that secretes cortisol and aldosterone.
- A. thyroid
- B. parathyroid
- C. pancreas
- D. adrenal
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: adrenal gland. The adrenal gland secretes cortisol and aldosterone. Cortisol is essential for regulating metabolism, immune response, and stress. Aldosterone helps regulate blood pressure and electrolyte balance. The other choices are incorrect because the thyroid gland (A) secretes hormones like thyroid hormone and calcitonin, the parathyroid gland (B) secretes parathyroid hormone, and the pancreas (C) secretes insulin and glucagon. Only the adrenal gland (D) secretes cortisol and aldosterone, making it the correct answer.
The left suprarenal vein drains into which of the following?
- A. Superior mesenteric vein
- B. Inferior hemiazygos
- C. Inferior vena cava
- D. Left renal vein
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Left renal vein. The left suprarenal vein drains into the left renal vein because they are anatomically close and share a common blood supply. The left suprarenal vein carries blood from the left adrenal gland, while the left renal vein receives blood from the left kidney. This anatomical proximity allows for efficient drainage of blood from the adrenal gland into the renal vein for further circulation. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because the left suprarenal vein does not typically drain into the superior mesenteric vein, inferior hemiazygos, or inferior vena cava.
Which mechanism is primarily responsible for maintaining hormone levels within a narrow range?
- A. negative feedback mechanisms
- B. positive feedback mechanisms
- C. hormone-receptor complexes
- D. hormone-gene complexes
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: negative feedback mechanisms. Negative feedback mechanisms help maintain hormone levels within a narrow range by inhibiting further hormone production once a certain level is reached. When hormone levels rise, negative feedback signals the body to decrease hormone production, preventing excessive levels. Positive feedback mechanisms, on the other hand, amplify hormone production. Hormone-receptor complexes and hormone-gene complexes are not directly responsible for maintaining hormone levels within a narrow range but rather play roles in hormone signaling and gene expression, respectively.
The following statements concerning prazosin and phentolamine are correct EXCEPT:
- A. Both antagonize alpha1-receptors
- B. Both cause the same degree of tachycardia
- C. Both decrease blood pressure
- D. Both are competitive antagonists
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Correct Answer: B
Rationale:
1. Prazosin and phentolamine both antagonize alpha1-receptors, leading to vasodilation and decreased blood pressure.
2. Both drugs are competitive antagonists, competing with norepinephrine at alpha1-receptors.
3. However, phentolamine causes reflex tachycardia due to its non-selective alpha-adrenergic blockade, unlike prazosin.
4. Therefore, the statement that both cause the same degree of tachycardia is incorrect based on their pharmacological differences.
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulates the ___ to produce and release its hormones.
- A. anterior pituitary
- B. adrenal medulla
- C. kidneys
- D. adrenal cortex
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: adrenal cortex. ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce and release its hormones, including cortisol. The anterior pituitary produces ACTH, but it does not release hormones itself. The adrenal medulla is primarily stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system, not ACTH. The kidneys are not directly stimulated by ACTH to produce and release hormones. Therefore, the adrenal cortex is the correct choice as it directly responds to ACTH stimulation.