Nokea
A nurse is planning the assessment of a patient who is exhibiting signs and symptoms of an autoimmune disorder. The nurse should be aware that the incidence and prevalence of autoimmune diseases is known to be higher among what group?
- A. Young adults
- B. Native Americans
- C. Women
- D. Hispanics
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Many autoimmune diseases have a higher incidence in females than in males, a phenomenon believed to be correlated with sex hormones.
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A nurse is admitting a patient who exhibits signs and symptoms of a nutritional deficit. Inadequate intake of what nutrient increases a patients susceptibility to infection?
- A. Vitamin B12
- B. Unsaturated fats
- C. Proteins
- D. Complex carbohydrates
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Depletion of protein reserves results in atrophy of lymphoid tissues, depression of antibody response, reduction in the number of circulating T cells, and impaired phagocytic function. As a result, the patient has an increased susceptibility to infection. Low intake of fat and vitamin B12 affects health, but is not noted to directly create a risk for infection. Low intake of complex carbohydrates is not noted to constitute a direct risk factor for infection.
The nurse is assessing a clients risk for impaired immune function. What assessment finding should the nurse identify as a risk factor for decreased immunity?
- A. The patient takes a beta blocker for the treatment of hypertension.
- B. The patient is under significant psychosocial stress.
- C. The patient had a pulmonary embolism 18 months ago.
- D. The patient has a family history of breast cancer.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Stress is a psychoneuroimmunologic factor that is known to depress the immune response. Use of beta blockers, a family history of cancer, and a prior PE are significant assessment findings, but none represents an immediate threat to immune function.
A nurse is explaining how the humoral and cellular immune responses should be seen as interacting parts of the broader immune system rather than as independent and unrelated processes. What aspect of immune function best demonstrates this?
- A. The movement of B cells in and out of lymph nodes
- B. The interactions that occur between T cells and B cells
- C. The differentiation between different types of T cells
- D. The universal role of the complement system
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: T cells interact closely with B cells, indicating that humoral and cellular immune responses are not separate, unrelated processes, but rather branches of the immune response that interact. Movement of B cells does not clearly show the presence of a unified immune system. The differentiation between types of T cells and the role of the complement system do not directly suggest a single immune system.
A patient with cystic fibrosis has received a double lung transplant and is now experiencing signs of rejection. What is the immune response that predominates in this situation?
- A. Humoral
- B. Nonspecific
- C. Cellular
- D. Mitigated
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Most immune responses to antigens involve both humoral and cellular responses, although only one predominates. During transplantation rejection, the cellular response predominates over the humoral response. Neither a mitigated nor nonspecific cell response is noted in this situation.
A woman has been diagnosed with breast cancer and is being treated aggressively with a chemotherapeutic regimen. As a result of this regimen, she has an inability to fight infection due to the fact that her bone marrow is unable to produce a sufficient amount of what?
- A. Lymphocytes
- B. Cytoblasts
- C. Antibodies
- D. Capillaries
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The white blood cells involved in immunity (including lymphocytes) are produced in the bone marrow. Cytoblasts are the protoplasm of the cell outside the nucleus. Antibodies are produced by lymphocytes, but not in the bone marrow. Capillaries are small blood vessels.