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A nurse is working as a member of a research team involved in exploring the unique response to drugs each individual displays based on genetic make-up. What is this area of study is called?
- A. Pharmacotherapeutics
- B. Pharmacodynamics
- C. Pharmacoeconomics
- D. Pharmacogenomics
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Pharmacogenomics is the area of study that includes mapping of the human genome. In the future, medical care and drug regimens may be personally designed based on a patient's unique genetic make-up. Pharmacotherapeutics is the branch of pharmacology that deals with the uses of drugs to treat, prevent, and diagnose disease. Pharmacodynamics involves how a drug affects the body. Pharmacoeconomics includes the costs involved in drug therapy.
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Sally has been prescribed aspirin 320 mg per day for her atrial fibrillation. She also takes aspirin four or more times a day for arthritis pain. What are the symptoms of aspirin toxicity for which she would need to be evaluated?
- A. Tinnitus
- B. Diarrhea
- C. Hearing loss
- D. Photosensitivity
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Tinnitus is an early sign of aspirin toxicity (salicylism); diarrhea or photosensitivity are less specific, and hearing loss is later.
You need to administer 200 mL of a drug over 30 minutes using microdrip tubing (60 gtt/mL). What is the flow rate in drops per minute?
- A. 60 gtt/min
- B. 120 gtt/min
- C. 400 gtt/min
- D. 240 gtt/min
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Flow rate = (200 mL 60 gtt/mL) ÷ 30 = 12,000 ÷ 30 = 400 gtt/min, matching option C.
Information technology can be a time-saving device in a busy practice if it is used wisely. One way to make it a help rather than a hindrance is to:
- A. Prioritize what is needed information and spond spending time reading 'interesting' information not central to the problem at hand
- B. Integrate professional and personal searching so that the same browser does not need to be accessed repeatedly
- C. Check e-mail frequently so that patient questions can be addressed promptly
- D. Check for viruses, spyware, and malware
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Prioritizing relevant information saves time in a busy practice.
When reviewing the phases of drug development, the nurse finds a discussion about the postmarketing surveillance phase. Which one of the following activities would the nurse expect to find as being carried out during this phase?
- A. Health care providers report adverse effects to FDA.
- B. Healthy volunteers are involved in the test.
- C. In vitro tests are performed using human cells.
- D. The drug is given to patients with the disease.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The postmarketing surveillance phase of drug development encourages health care professionals to report adverse effects of drugs to the FDA using MedWatch. Phase 1 of clinical testing involves 20 to 100 healthy volunteers. In vitro testing of the drug on human or animal cells is done in the pre-FDA phase. In Phase 2 of clinical testing, the drug is given to patients with the disease for which the drug is manufactured.
A 32-year-old female is dehydrated after running a marathon in hot and humid weather. She requires an IV fluid to increase the blood volume and rehydrate the cells. Which one of the following IV fluids would be appropriate for her condition?
- A. Hypertonic crystalloid solution
- B. Isotonic crystalloid solution
- C. Packed red blood cells
- D. Hypotonic crystalloid solution
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Isotonic solutions (e.g., normal saline) restore volume and hydration without shifting fluids excessively.