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A nurse manager is preparing the budget for the year. The budgeted amounts have been set without regard to changes that may occur during the year. What type of budget is the manager preparing?
- A. Fixed budget
- B. Zero-based budget
- C. Variable budget
- D. Operating budget
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Fixed budget. A fixed budget is set without considering changes that may occur during the year. It remains unchanged regardless of actual performance. In this scenario, the budgeted amounts are predetermined and do not adjust based on changing conditions. Other choices are incorrect because:
- B: Zero-based budget requires justifying every expense from scratch, not pre-set amounts.
- C: Variable budget adjusts based on activity levels, not predetermined like in this case.
- D: Operating budget encompasses all revenues and expenses, not necessarily fixed like in this scenario.
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Integrated health care systems function in a variety of models. Which of the following is a common characteristic of all systems?
- A. Deliver selective care only
- B. Deliver a whole continuum of care
- C. Treat patients only in the hospital
- D. Provide care only in the primary care setting
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Deliver a whole continuum of care. Integrated health care systems are designed to provide comprehensive and coordinated care across various settings to meet the diverse needs of patients. This model emphasizes preventive care, primary care, specialty care, and even mental health services to ensure holistic healthcare delivery.
A: Deliver selective care only - This is incorrect as integrated health care systems aim to offer a wide range of services beyond selective care.
C: Treat patients only in the hospital - This is incorrect as integrated systems provide care across different settings, not just in hospitals.
D: Provide care only in the primary care setting - This is incorrect as integrated systems offer care in multiple settings, not limited to primary care.
Which of the following laws govern nursing practice?
- A. Statutory laws
- B. Common law
- C. Administrative laws
- D. Constitutional laws
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Statutory laws. Nursing practice is primarily governed by statutory laws, which are laws enacted by legislative bodies such as state nursing practice acts. These laws outline the scope of practice, licensure requirements, and standards of care for nurses. Common law, administrative laws, and constitutional laws do not specifically regulate nursing practice. Common law refers to legal precedents established by court decisions, administrative laws pertain to regulations set by administrative agencies, and constitutional laws deal with the fundamental principles outlined in the constitution. Therefore, A is the correct choice as it directly relates to the specific legal framework that governs nursing practice.
A __________ is often helpful to use when a problem is not easily identified.
- A. trial and error
- B. Delphi method
- C. political decision-making model
- D. affinity map
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: affinity map. When a problem is not easily identified, using an affinity map can help organize and visually represent different ideas or information related to the issue. This method allows for clustering similar themes or concepts, leading to a clearer understanding of the problem.
A: Trial and error involves randomly trying different solutions without a systematic approach.
B: The Delphi method is a structured communication technique for gathering opinions from experts, which may not directly help in identifying the problem.
C: Political decision-making model focuses on power dynamics and interests, which may not be relevant for problem identification.
In summary, using an affinity map promotes structured organization of information, making it the most suitable choice for identifying unclear problems.
A patient with type 2 diabetes is scheduled for a follow-up visit in the clinic several months from now. Which test will the nurse schedule to evaluate the effectiveness of treatment for the patient?
- A. Urine dipstick for glucose
- B. Oral glucose tolerance test
- C. Fasting blood glucose level
- D. Glycosylated hemoglobin level
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Glycosylated hemoglobin level. This test provides an average blood glucose level over the past 2-3 months, reflecting long-term glycemic control. It is preferred for monitoring treatment effectiveness in diabetes. Urine dipstick for glucose (A) only detects current glucose levels in urine, not overall control. Oral glucose tolerance test (B) evaluates how the body processes glucose, not long-term control. Fasting blood glucose level (C) provides a snapshot of blood glucose at a specific moment, not long-term control.
The Hawthorne effect explains that the relationship between people and productivity is enhanced by which of the following?
- A. Special attention
- B. Organizations
- C. Creativity
- D. Groups
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Special attention. The Hawthorne effect states that individuals modify their behavior when they know they are being observed. Providing special attention to individuals can lead to increased productivity as they are more motivated to perform well. This concept emphasizes the importance of personal interactions and recognition in improving productivity.
Summary:
- B: Organizations - While organizations play a role in productivity, the Hawthorne effect focuses on individual behavior rather than organizational structure.
- C: Creativity - While creativity can enhance productivity, the Hawthorne effect specifically highlights the impact of attention and observation on behavior.
- D: Groups - While group dynamics can influence productivity, the Hawthorne effect focuses on individual responses to attention and observation.