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A nurse working in an outpatient clinic plans a screening program for diabetes. What recommendations for screening should be included?
- A. OGTT for all minority populations every year
- B. FPG for all individuals at age 45 and then every 3 years
- C. Testing people under the age of 21 for islet cell antibodies
- D. Testing for type 2 diabetes in all overweight or obese individuals
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) should be tested for all individuals at age 45 and every 3 years thereafter.
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Hormones that bind to receptors inside of target cells are usually
- A. lipid soluble.
- B. water soluble.
- C. second messengers.
- D. proteins.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: lipid soluble. Lipid-soluble hormones can easily pass through the cell membrane and bind to intracellular receptors. This binding activates gene expression and affects protein synthesis within the cell. Water-soluble hormones, like choice B, bind to cell surface receptors and activate signaling pathways through second messengers (choice C). Proteins (choice D) are not hormones but rather macromolecules that can act as signaling molecules or receptors. Lipid solubility is crucial for hormones to exert their effects inside target cells, making choice A the correct answer.
Which of the following is NOT true of growth hormone?
- A. stimulates rate of amino acid entrance into the cell
- B. stimulates protein synthesis in bones, cartilage, and muscles
- C. promotes glucose metabolism
- D. promotes fat metabolism
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: growth hormone does not promote glucose metabolism. Growth hormone primarily promotes protein synthesis in bones, cartilage, and muscles (B), stimulates the rate of amino acid entrance into the cell (A), and promotes fat metabolism (D). Glucose metabolism is mainly regulated by insulin, not growth hormone.
Epinephrine and norepinephrine from the adrenal medulla will produce the same results as the _____ nervous system.
- A. sympathetic
- B. parasympathetic
- C. somatic
- D. central
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: sympathetic. Epinephrine and norepinephrine are neurotransmitters released by the sympathetic nervous system. They activate the fight-or-flight response, increasing heart rate, dilating airways, and redirecting blood flow to muscles. The sympathetic nervous system prepares the body for action in response to stress or danger. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because parasympathetic regulates rest and digest functions, somatic controls voluntary movements, and central refers to the brain and spinal cord, not a division of the autonomic nervous system like sympathetic.
Excess secretion of epinephrine:
- A. relieves anxiety.
- B. stimulates the synthesis of glycogen.
- C. elevates blood glucose levels.
- D. slows heart rate and lowers blood pressure.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Excess secretion of epinephrine activates the fight-or-flight response, leading to the release of stored glucose into the bloodstream, elevating blood glucose levels. This helps provide immediate energy for the body to respond to stress. Epinephrine does not relieve anxiety (Choice A), as it is a stress hormone. It does not stimulate glycogen synthesis (Choice B) but rather breaks down glycogen to release glucose. Epinephrine increases heart rate and blood pressure (opposite of Choice D) to support increased energy needs during stress. Thus, the correct answer is C.
Testosterone is best described as:
- A. virilizing.
- B. lactogenic.
- C. adenohypophyseal.
- D. pancreatic.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Testosterone is best described as virilizing because it is the primary male sex hormone responsible for the development of male characteristics such as facial hair, deep voice, and muscle mass. It plays a key role in virilization. The other choices, lactogenic, adenohypophyseal, and pancreatic, are incorrect because testosterone is not primarily associated with lactation, the anterior pituitary gland, or the pancreas.