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A nursing student is to provide a class presentation about interpersonal and psychoanalytic theories. As part of this presentation, the student is planning to address the major way these two categories differ. Which of the following would the student include as key to interpersonal theories?
- A. Human relationships
- B. Instincts
- C. Drives
- D. Potential for goodness
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Interpersonal theories, like those of Sullivan and Peplau, emphasize human relationships and social interactions as central to mental health. Psychoanalytic theories, like Freud?s, focus on instincts and drives. The potential for goodness is more aligned with humanistic theories.
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A nursing instructor is integrating Piaget?s theory of cognitive development into the discussion of learning and mental health issues affecting adolescents. The instructor would identify this age group as in which stage?
- A. Concrete operations
- B. Preoperational
- C. Formal operations
- D. Sensorimotor
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Piaget?s theory identifies adolescents (roughly ages 12 and up) as being in the formal operations stage, characterized by abstract thinking and problem-solving. Concrete operations apply to younger children, preoperational to preschoolers, and sensorimotor to infants.
A psychiatric-mental health nurse is working on an inpatient unit that uses a privilege system. The nurse understands that this intervention integrates which group of theories?
- A. Behavioral
- B. Developmental
- C. Humanistic
- D. Cognitive
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: A privilege system, where behaviors are reinforced with rewards, aligns with behavioral theories, particularly operant conditioning (e.g., Skinner?s work). Developmental theories focus on growth stages, humanistic theories emphasize personal growth, and cognitive theories address thought processes.
A group of nursing students are reviewing information about psychodynamic theories. The students demonstrate a need for additional study when they identify which of the following as a humanistic theorist?
- A. Carl Jung
- B. Carl Rogers
- C. Abraham Maslow
- D. Frederick Perls
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Carl Rogers is a humanistic theorist, emphasizing client-centered therapy and unconditional positive regard. Identifying him as a psychodynamic theorist indicates a misunderstanding, as psychodynamic theorists like Carl Jung focus on the unconscious. Maslow and Perls are also humanistic, reinforcing the need for study.
A patient is being discharged from the psychiatric unit this afternoon, and the nurse needs to teach the patient about discharge medications. The patient is exhibiting signs of moderate anxiety about the upcoming discharge. Based on Peplau?s views regarding anxiety, the nurse would expect to implement the teaching plan at which time?
- A. When his anxiety stabilizes at its current level
- B. When his anxiety decreases to a mild level
- C. When he is completely free of anxiety
- D. When his anxiety escalates to the panic level
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Peplau?s theory suggests that moderate anxiety impairs learning, while mild anxiety can enhance it. Teaching about discharge medications would be most effective when the patient?s anxiety decreases to a mild level, allowing better comprehension. Complete absence of anxiety is unrealistic, and panic level would hinder learning.
A psychiatric-mental health nurse is integrating Carl Rogers? theory into the plan of care for a patient with a mental illness. The nurse incorporates understanding of this theory by acknowledging that the therapist accomplishes which of the following?
- A. Provide validation of the terminology used during the session.
- B. Focus on the client?s instinctual drives.
- C. Recognize an understanding of the client?s basic needs.
- D. Develop unconditional positive regard for the client.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Carl Rogers? humanistic theory emphasizes unconditional positive regard, empathy, and genuineness to foster client growth. This involves accepting the client without judgment. Validation of terminology is not a core concept, instinctual drives are Freudian, and basic needs align more with Maslow.