Nokea
A patient goes to the doctor with a cold and sore throat and asks for antibiotics. The doctor refuses to prescribe antibiotics to the patient because the illness is caused by which of the following pathogens?
- A. Protist
- B. Fungus
- C. Virus
- D. Bacteria
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Virus. Antibiotics are ineffective against viral infections, such as colds and sore throats caused by viruses. Antibiotics are designed to target bacterial infections, not viral ones. Therefore, the doctor refuses to prescribe antibiotics because the patient's illness is viral in nature. It is important for healthcare providers to differentiate between bacterial and viral infections to ensure appropriate treatment and avoid unnecessary use of antibiotics.
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Which of the following types of cells stimulates other immune cells to attack and destroy foreign agents?
- A. Cytotoxic T-cells
- B. Natural killer cells
- C. Helper T-cells
- D. Plasma cells
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Helper T-cells play a crucial role in coordinating the immune response by activating and directing other immune cells, such as cytotoxic T-cells and macrophages, to attack and eliminate foreign invaders. They achieve this through the release of signaling molecules called cytokines, which regulate the immune system's response to infections and other challenges. Helper T-cells are also involved in activating B-cells to produce antibodies. Natural killer cells, on the other hand, are part of the innate immune system and can directly kill infected or abnormal cells without prior activation.
Which of the following substances is responsible for donating H+ ions to act as a buffer when blood pH rises?
- A. Carbon Monoxide
- B. Oxygen
- C. Carbon Dioxide
- D. Carbonic Acid
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Carbonic acid is a pivotal buffer in blood that plays a key role in maintaining pH balance. When blood pH rises, indicating increased alkalinity, carbonic acid releases hydrogen ions (H+) to counterbalance the excess base, thereby preventing significant changes in pH levels. This mechanism highlights the essential function of carbonic acid in regulating the acid-base equilibrium in the blood.
Which of the following vessels carries oxygenated blood?
- A. Pulmonary vein
- B. Superior vena cava
- C. Pulmonary artery
- D. Inferior vena cava
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A, the pulmonary vein. The pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the heart. It is crucial to differentiate between the pulmonary vein, which carries oxygenated blood, and the pulmonary artery, which carries deoxygenated blood. This understanding is fundamental in comprehending the flow of oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood within the cardiovascular system.
Which organelle in a eukaryotic cell is responsible for producing ATP?
- A. Mitochondria
- B. Lysosomes
- C. Nucleus
- D. Centrioles
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A, Mitochondria. Mitochondria are commonly referred to as the powerhouse of the cell because they play a crucial role in generating energy in the form of ATP through cellular respiration. Lysosomes are mainly involved in cellular waste management, the nucleus houses genetic material, and centrioles aid in cell division. Thus, among the organelles listed, the mitochondria is primarily responsible for ATP production in eukaryotic cells.
Which of the following physiological responses is caused by the release of anti-diuretic hormone?
- A. Decrease in water reabsorption in the collecting duct
- B. Decrease in the concentration of calcium in the glomerulus
- C. Increase in the concentration of calcium in the glomerulus
- D. Increase in water reabsorption in the collecting duct
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Increase in water reabsorption in the collecting duct. Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH), also known as vasopressin, acts on the kidneys to increase water reabsorption in the collecting ducts, leading to the concentration of urine and conservation of water in the body. This hormone helps regulate water balance by decreasing urine output and increasing blood volume and pressure when needed.