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A patient had a complicated vaginal hysterectomy. The student nurse provided perineal care after the patient had a bowel movement. The student nurse tells the nurse there was a lot of light brown, smelly drainage seeping from the perianal area. What should the nurse suspect when assessing this patient?
- A. Dehiscence
- B. Hemorrhage
- C. Keloid formation
- D. Fistula formation
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Fistula formation involves abnormal connections between organs or tissues, often caused by infection or trauma. Light brown, smelly drainage suggests communication between the bowel and skin, indicative of a fistula.
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Antihistamines are used cautiously in older men with prostatic hypertrophy for which of the following reasons?
- A. Because these clients may experience increased drowsiness
- B. Because these clients may experience difficulty voiding
- C. Because these clients face a greater risk of cardiac arrest
- D. Because these clients have a lower autoimmune response
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Antihistamines can cause urinary retention which is particularly problematic for older men with prostatic hypertrophy.
Which of the following are considered desirable features for a Flu vaccine
- A. Induction of a neutralizing antibody response
- B. Induction of a cytotoxic T cell response
- C. Protection against multiple strains
- D. All of the above A, B and C
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, "All of the above A, B, and C".
Step 1: Induction of a neutralizing antibody response (A) is crucial as it helps prevent the virus from infecting cells.
Step 2: Induction of a cytotoxic T cell response (B) is important to eliminate infected cells and stop the spread of the virus.
Step 3: Protection against multiple strains (C) is desirable to ensure broad coverage against different flu strains.
Combining A, B, and C in a vaccine would provide comprehensive protection against the flu by targeting different aspects of the immune response. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect individually as they each address only one aspect of a desirable flu vaccine, whereas the correct answer D encompasses all three crucial features.
During data collection, the nurse learns the patient is allergic to shellfish. Which precautions should be implemented during the patient's hospitalization?
- A. The patient should be placed in a private room.
- B. The kitchen should use dedicated equipment for all of the patient's food preparation.
- C. Iodine-based skin preparations should be replaced with different bactericidal cleansers.
- D. The patient's allergy should be noted on the medical record and communicated clearly to all caretakers.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Rationale:
1. The correct answer is D because it addresses the essential action of noting the patient's allergy on the medical record and communicating it to all caretakers to prevent inadvertent exposure.
2. Choice A is not necessary unless the patient's allergy poses an infection control risk that warrants isolation.
3. Choice B is excessive and not required as long as cross-contamination is prevented during food preparation.
4. Choice C is unrelated to the patient's shellfish allergy and not a standard precaution in this scenario.
Which of these are a type of mutation?
- A. base substitution
- B. translocation
- C. insertion sequences
- D. recombination
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: recombination. Recombination is a type of mutation that involves the exchange of genetic material between two DNA molecules. This process can lead to genetic variation and evolution. Base substitution (A) is a point mutation where one base is replaced by another. Translocation (B) involves the movement of a segment of DNA to another location in the genome. Insertion sequences (C) are short segments of DNA that can move within the genome but are not considered a type of mutation. Recombination (D) is the only choice directly related to a type of mutation involving the exchange of genetic material.
Which of the following statements is incorrect?
- A. The gut microbiome composition in obese individuals is altered and shows overrepresentation of less beneficial species
- B. Fecal transplants have been used to treat Clostridium difficile infections
- C. Crohn's disease is considered a disease caused by loss of tolerance to the gut microbiota
- D. The bacterial type III secretion system is used by species of the gut microbiota to inject effector proteins into intestinal epithelial cells and invade them, as observed in Crohn's disease
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because the statement incorrectly implies that the bacterial type III secretion system is used by gut microbiota to invade intestinal epithelial cells in Crohn's disease. In reality, Crohn's disease is not directly caused by invasion of gut microbiota into intestinal cells; it is a complex autoimmune condition. The gut microbiota dysbiosis is associated with Crohn's disease, but invasion of epithelial cells is not the primary mechanism. Choices A, B, and C are correct: A highlights the altered microbiome in obesity, B discusses the use of fecal transplants for C. difficile infections, and C mentions Crohn's disease related to issues with gut microbiota tolerance.