Nokea
A patient has symptoms of inflammation of urogenital tracts. Examination of a vaginal smear revealed big monocellular, pear-shaped organisms with the pointed spike at the posterior end of body, big nucleus and undulating membrane. What protozoa were found in the smear?
- A. Trichomonas vaginalis
- B. Trichomonas hominis
- C. Trichomonas buccalis
- D. Trypanosoma gambiense
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Rationale: The correct answer is A: Trichomonas vaginalis.
1. Symptoms of urogenital inflammation match Trichomonas vaginalis infection.
2. Description matches Trichomonas vaginalis characteristics: pear-shaped, pointed spike, big nucleus, undulating membrane.
3. Trichomonas hominis and buccalis do not typically infect urogenital tracts.
4. Trypanosoma gambiense causes African trypanosomiasis, not urogenital infections.
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Which is not true?
- A. Interferon beta is produced by the fibroblasts
- B. Interferon alpha is produced by the leukocytes
- C. Interferon gamma is produced by the lymphocytes
- D. Interferon delta is produced by the macrophages
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Interferon delta is not a known type of interferon, making choice D incorrect. Interferon beta is indeed produced by fibroblasts (choice A), interferon alpha by leukocytes (choice B), and interferon gamma by lymphocytes (choice C). Each type of interferon is produced by specific cells in the immune system, contributing to the body's defense against viruses and other pathogens.
A relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is harmed is called:
- A. commensalism
- B. parasitism
- C. synergism
- D. antagonism
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: parasitism. In parasitism, one organism (parasite) benefits at the expense of the other organism (host). The parasite derives nutrients or resources from the host, causing harm or even death in some cases. This relationship is characterized by asymmetry, where one organism benefits while the other is negatively impacted. Commensalism (A) is a relationship where one organism benefits while the other is unaffected. Synergism (C) is a mutually beneficial relationship where both organisms benefit. Antagonism (D) is a relationship where both organisms are harmed or inhibited.
While registering the child to the school Mantoux's test was made to define whether revaccination was needed test result is negative. What does this result of the test mean?
- A. Absence of antitoxic immunity to the tuberculosis
- B. Presence of antibodies for tubercle bacillus
- C. Absence of antibodies for tubercle bacillus
- D. Presence of cell immunity to the tuberculosis
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Step 1: Mantoux test measures cell-mediated immunity response to tuberculosis.
Step 2: A negative result means no significant immune response to TB antigens.
Step 3: Option A is incorrect, as it refers to antitoxic immunity, not cell immunity.
Step 4: Option B is incorrect, as it mentions antibodies, not cell-mediated immunity.
Step 5: Option C is incorrect, as it states absence of antibodies, not cell immunity.
Step 6: Option D is correct as it directly correlates with the purpose of Mantoux test.
For which family the following morphological features are typical: filamentous spiral nucleocapsid, linear unsegmented single strand (-) RNA and lipid bilayer membrane of cellular origin:
- A. Picornaviridae
- B. Filoviridae
- C. Orthomyxoviridae
- D. Togaviridae
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. Filamentous spiral nucleocapsid is characteristic of Filoviridae, such as Ebola virus.
2. Linear unsegmented single strand (-) RNA is a key feature of Filoviridae genomes.
3. The lipid bilayer membrane of cellular origin is found in Filoviridae viruses.
4. Therefore, the correct answer is B (Filoviridae) due to the alignment of all three morphological features.
Summary:
- A (Picornaviridae): Has an icosahedral capsid, not filamentous spiral.
- C (Orthomyxoviridae): Has a segmented genome, not linear unsegmented.
- D (Togaviridae): Has a spherical capsid, not filamentous spiral.
Crude herbal drugs must be examined for yeast-like fungi. What agar can ensure development of these microorganisms so that associating microflora will grow very slowly or won't grow at all?
- A. Sabouraud's peptone agar
- B. Endo agar
- C. Milk-salt agar
- D. Meat infusion agar
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Sabouraud's peptone agar. This agar is specifically designed for the isolation of yeast and molds due to its low pH and high sugar content, creating an environment conducive for their growth. Yeast-like fungi thrive in this selective medium, while inhibiting the growth of bacteria and other contaminants.
Summary:
- Sabouraud's peptone agar is ideal for cultivating yeast-like fungi.
- Endo agar is used for isolation of gram-negative bacteria, not fungi.
- Milk-salt agar is used for lactobacilli and streptococci, not fungi.
- Meat infusion agar is a general-purpose medium for cultivation of a wide range of microorganisms, not specifically for yeast-like fungi.