Nokea
A patient has tested HIV-positive and has now discovered that she is pregnant. Which statement indicates that she understands the risks of this diagnosis?
- A. “I know I will need to have an abortion as soon as possible.”
- B. “Even though my test is positive, my baby might not be affected.”
- C. “My baby is certain to have AIDS and die within the first year of life.”
- D. “This pregnancy will probably decrease the chance that I will develop AIDS.”
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because it shows an understanding that being HIV-positive does not guarantee transmission to the baby. The statement acknowledges the possibility of the baby not being affected, which demonstrates awareness of the varying outcomes. Choice A is incorrect as it assumes abortion is the only option. Choice C is incorrect as it makes an extreme and inaccurate claim. Choice D is incorrect as pregnancy does not decrease the chance of developing AIDS.
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A 56-year-old patient has come to the clinic for his routine eye examination and is told he needs bifocals. The patient asks the nurse what change in his eyes has caused his need for bifocals. How should the nurse respond?
- A. You know, you are getting older now and we change as we get older.
- B. The parts of our eyes age, just like the rest of us, and this is nothing to cause you to worry.
- C. There is a gradual thickening of the lens of the eye and it can limit the eyes ability for accommodation.
- D. The eye gets shorter, back to front, as we age and it changes how we see things.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because it accurately explains the physiological change in the eye that leads to the need for bifocals. As individuals age, there is a gradual thickening of the lens of the eye, which affects the eye's ability to accommodate for near vision. This thickening makes it harder for the eye to focus on close objects, necessitating the use of bifocals to correct this near vision issue.
Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because they do not provide a scientifically accurate explanation for the need for bifocals in older individuals. Option A is dismissive and does not address the specific change in the eye that leads to the need for bifocals. Option B implies aging as a general concept without specifying the relevant change in the eye. Option D incorrectly states that the eye gets shorter as we age, which is not the reason for needing bifocals.
The nurse in an extended care facility is planning the daily activities of a patient with postpolio syndrome. The nurse recognizes the patient will best benefit from physical therapy when it is scheduled at what time?
- A. Immediately after meals
- B. In the morning
- C. Before bedtime
- D. In the early evening
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: In the morning. This is because scheduling physical therapy in the morning allows the patient to benefit from increased energy levels and improved muscle strength and function after a night of rest. Morning sessions can also help set a positive tone for the rest of the day.
Choice A: Immediately after meals can lead to discomfort and potential complications like indigestion or reflux.
Choice C: Before bedtime may be too late in the day when fatigue levels are higher and may disrupt sleep patterns.
Choice D: In the early evening may be less effective as fatigue accumulates throughout the day, and the patient may not have the same level of energy and focus as in the morning.
A nurse is teaching a patient about the urinarysystem. In which order will the nurse present the structures, following the flow of urine?
- A. Kidney, urethra, bladder, ureters
- B. Kidney, ureters, bladder, urethra
- C. Bladder, kidney, ureters, urethra
- D. Bladder, kidney, urethra, ureters
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct order is B: Kidney, ureters, bladder, urethra.
1. Kidneys filter blood and produce urine.
2. Ureters transport urine from kidneys to bladder.
3. Bladder stores urine until expelled.
4. Urethra carries urine from bladder out of the body.
Other choices are incorrect because they do not follow the anatomical flow of urine through the urinary system.
Nursing intervention for pregnant patients with diabetes is based on the knowledge that the need for insulin is
- A. varied depending on the stage of gestation.
- B. increased throughout pregnancy and the postpartum period.
- C. decreased throughout pregnancy and the postpartum period.
- D. should not change because the fetus produces its own insulin.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Rationale:
1. Insulin needs change during pregnancy due to hormonal changes.
2. During the first trimester, insulin needs may decrease.
3. During the second and third trimesters, insulin needs increase.
4. Postpartum, insulin needs return to pre-pregnancy levels.
Therefore, choice A is correct as insulin needs vary based on gestational stage. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because insulin needs do not uniformly increase or decrease throughout pregnancy or due to fetal insulin production.
The nurse is teaching a patient preventative measures regarding vaginal infections. The nurse should include which of the following as an important risk factor?
- A. High estrogen levels
- B. Late menarche
- C. Nonpregnant state
- D. Frequent douching
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Frequent douching. Douching disrupts the natural balance of vaginal flora, making the environment more susceptible to infections. High estrogen levels (A) can actually protect against vaginal infections. Late menarche (B) and nonpregnant state (C) are not direct risk factors for vaginal infections. In summary, frequent douching is the most significant risk factor as it disrupts the vaginal microbiome.