Nokea
A patient is admitted with a 2-month history of fatigue, SOB, pallor, and dizziness. The patient is diagnosed with idiopathic autoimmune haemolytic anemia. On reviewing the laboratory results, the nurse notes which of the following that confirms this diagnosis?
- A. RBC fragments
- B. Microcytic, hypochromic RBCs
- C. Macrocytic, normochromic RBCs
- D. Hemoglobin molecules
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: In patients with idiopathic autoimmune hemolytic anemia, the immune system mistakenly targets and destroys its own red blood cells (RBCs). When the red blood cells are destroyed, they can break apart, leading to the presence of fragmented RBCs, also known as schistocytes or red cell fragments, in the peripheral blood. The presence of RBC fragments is a characteristic finding in this type of hemolytic anemia and helps confirm the diagnosis.
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Which of the following malignant tumors is least likely to occur in adults in comparison with children?
- A. acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL)
- B. osteosarcoma
- C. medulloblastoma
- D. retinoblastoma
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Retinoblastoma predominantly occurs in children under 5 years of age, making it the least likely to occur in adults.
A 9mo-old infant develops a left adrenal mass; histological examination with genetic characteristics confirms neuroblastoma. Which of the following carries a better outcome?
- A. amplification of the MYCN (N-myc) proto-oncogene
- B. hyperdiploidy
- C. loss of heterozygosity of 17q chromosome
- D. loss of 1p chromosome
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Hyperdiploidy is associated with a better prognosis in neuroblastoma.
A client with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is prescribed zidovudine (azidothymidine, AZT [retrovir]), 200mg PO every 4 hours. When teaching the client about this drug, the nurse should provide which instruction?
- A. "Take zidovudine with meals."
- B. "Take zidovudine on an empty stomach."
- C. "Take zidovudine every 4 hours around the clock."
- D. "Take over-the-counter(OTC) drugs to treat minor adverse reactions."
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Zidovudine (AZT) is an antiretroviral drug used to treat HIV infection, including in AIDS patients. It is important to follow the prescribed dosing schedule to maintain consistent drug levels in the body and effectively control the HIV virus. Taking zidovudine every 4 hours around the clock helps ensure the medication's therapeutic effects are maintained throughout the day. It is crucial for the client to adhere to the prescribed dosing regimen to prevent the development of drug resistance and to achieve the best treatment outcomes. Taking zidovudine with meals, on an empty stomach, or taking over-the-counter drugs for minor adverse reactions are not the correct instructions related to the dosing schedule of zidovudine.
Which of the ff blood vessel is commonly affected by thrombophlebitis?
- A. Veins deep in the upper extremities
- B. Popliteal vein of the leg
- C. Veins deep in the lower extremities
- D. Veins connected to the heart
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Thrombophlebitis commonly affects the veins deep in the lower extremities, such as the femoral vein or the iliac vein. This condition involves the formation of a blood clot (thrombus) in a vein, usually due to inflammation or injury to the vein wall. The lower extremities are more prone to thrombophlebitis because of factors like gravity, reduced blood flow in the veins of the legs, and prolonged sitting or immobility which can increase the risk of blood clot formation. Thrombophlebitis in the lower extremities can potentially lead to serious complications, such as pulmonary embolism if a clot breaks loose and travels to the lungs.
The child who helps to undress, puts 3 words together (subject, verb, object), and handles a spoon well has an age around
- A. 15 mo
- B. 18 mo
- C. 24 mo
- D. 30 mo
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: These milestones are typically achieved around 24 months.