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A patient is prescribed a loop diuretic for the management of edema. Which electrolyte imbalance is most commonly associated with loop diuretic therapy?
- A. Hyponatremia
- B. Hypomagnesemia
- C. Hyperkalemia
- D. Hypocalcemia
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Loop diuretics, such as furosemide, are potent diuretics commonly used to manage conditions like edema, heart failure, and hypertension. Loop diuretics work by inhibiting the reabsorption of sodium and chloride in the loop of Henle in the kidney, leading to increased diuresis. However, this mechanism of action can also lead to increased excretion of other electrolytes, such as magnesium.
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A patient with a history of chronic liver disease presents with easy bruising and prolonged bleeding from minor cuts. Laboratory tests reveal prolonged PT and aPTT, and mixing studies show correction of coagulation times with normal plasma. Which of the following conditions is most likely to cause these findings?
- A. Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
- B. Vitamin K deficiency
- C. Liver cirrhosis
- D. Hemophilia A
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Vitamin K is essential for the production of several clotting factors in the liver, including factors II, VII, IX, and X. In a patient with chronic liver disease, impaired liver function can lead to decreased synthesis of these clotting factors. As a result, there is an underlying deficiency of these clotting factors, leading to prolonged PT (prothrombin time) and aPTT (activated partial thromboplastin time). The mixing studies showing correction with normal plasma further support the diagnosis of a factor deficiency rather than an inhibitor, which helps in ruling out conditions like DIC or hemophilia.
The nurse ensures, which of the following should be present and be cooperative in the educational program?
- A. Patient, student nurses and interns
- B. Patient, family and significant others
- C. Head nurse and family
- D. New staff nurses and nursing aides of the unit
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: In an educational program conducted by a nurse, it is crucial to involve the patient, their family, and significant others. This approach ensures holistic care by considering the patient's psychosocial environment, family dynamics, and support system. Including these individuals in the educational program fosters collaboration, strengthens the patient-nurse relationship, and equips family members with the knowledge and skills needed to provide optimal care at home. Furthermore, involving the patient's support system can enhance adherence to treatment plans and contribute to better health outcomes. Therefore, the presence and cooperation of the patient, family, and significant others are essential elements of a successful educational program led by a nurse.
Nurses should have knowledge about professional organization. Which of t he following is the accredited professional organization of nurses?
- A. Maternal Child Nursing
- B. Philippine Nurses Association, Inc.
- C. National leaguue of Government Nurses of the Philippines
- D. Association Nursing Service Administrators of the Phiilippines
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The Philippine Nurses Association, Inc. (PNA) is the accredited professional organization of nurses in the Philippines. PNA is recognized as the official organization of all registered nurses in the country, dedicated to fostering high standards of nursing practice, education, and professional growth. It plays a key role in advocating for the rights and welfare of nurses, as well as promoting the advancement of the nursing profession in the Philippines. Membership in the PNA provides nurses with access to valuable resources, networking opportunities, and support for continuous professional development.
The BEST position for the patient to assume in case of shock is ______.
- A. modified Trendelenburg
- B. recumbent
- C. high Fowler's
- D. low Fowler's
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The BEST position for a patient in shock is the modified Trendelenburg position. In this position, the patient's legs are elevated above the level of the heart to enhance blood flow back to the heart and vital organs. Placing the patient in the modified Trendelenburg position helps increase venous return, improves cardiac output, and promotes perfusion to vital organs, which can be crucial in managing shock. This position can help stabilize the patient's condition while awaiting further medical intervention.
Gloria decides to include only nurses who have a minimum three years experience as psychiatric nurses. Which of the following terms refer to this?
- A. Concept
- B. Limitation
- C. Variable
- D. Delimitation
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: A delimitation in a research study refers to setting specific boundaries or restrictions on the scope of the study. In this scenario, Gloria's decision to include only nurses with a minimum of three years experience as psychiatric nurses is a delimitation because it sets a specific criterion or boundary for the selection of participants. This helps to focus the study on a particular group of individuals who possess the required experience, ensuring the research is targeted and relevant to the topic being investigated.