Nokea
A patient presents with a pruritic, erythematous rash with scaly plaques and satellite papules and pustules in the inguinal folds and gluteal cleft. The patient reports recent antibiotic use for a urinary tract infection. Which of the following conditions is most likely responsible for this presentation?
- A. Candidiasis (cutaneous candidiasis)
- B. Tinea cruris (jock itch)
- C. Erythrasma
- D. Intertrigo
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The presentation described indicates a candidal infection, which commonly occurs in warm, moist body areas like inguinal folds and gluteal cleft. The pruritic, erythematous rash with scaly plaques and satellite papules and pustules is characteristic of cutaneous candidiasis. The recent antibiotic use for urinary tract infection likely disrupted the normal skin flora, predisposing the patient to a Candida overgrowth. Tinea cruris (jock itch) can also present similarly, but the presence of satellite papules and pustules is more indicative of candidiasis. Erythrasma typically presents as well-defined brown-red patches without satellite lesions, and intertrigo is a more generic term referring to inflammation of skin folds that can have various causes, including candidiasis.
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A woman in active labor demonstrates signs of cephalopelvic disproportion (CPD), with the fetal head failing to descend despite strong contractions. What nursing action should be prioritized to address this abnormal labor presentation?
- A. Perform a pelvic exam to assess for CPD.
- B. Assist the mother into a hands-and-knees position.
- C. Administer intravenous oxytocin to augment contractions.
- D. Prepare for immediate instrumental delivery.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: When a woman in active labor demonstrates signs of cephalopelvic disproportion (CPD) with the fetal head failing to descend despite strong contractions, the nursing action that should be prioritized is to prepare for immediate instrumental delivery. CPD can lead to a prolonged and difficult labor, increasing the risks for both the mother and the fetus. In cases where the fetal head is not descending adequately and the mother's contractions are strong, instrumental delivery, like forceps or vacuum extraction, may be necessary to facilitate the safe delivery of the baby. It is important to act promptly to avoid potential complications associated with prolonged labor. Other actions, such as performing a pelvic exam, changing maternal positions, or administering oxytocin, may be considered but addressing the issue of CPD efficiently through instrumental delivery should take precedence in this scenario.
The nurse researcher is planning a research study that will use human subjects and their choice to participate in a specific treatment. The ethical principle that describes a prospective subject's freedom to choose whether or not to participate in the research study is what?
- A. Justice
- B. Confidentiality
- C. Beneficence
- D. Respect for persons
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Respect for persons is an ethical principle that emphasizes the autonomy and freedom of individuals to make their own decisions regarding participation in research studies. In the context of human subjects research, this principle requires that individuals have the right to choose whether or not to participate in a study, without any coercion or manipulation. The principle of respect for persons also includes the concept of informed consent, where individuals must be provided with all necessary information about the study in order to make an informed decision about participation. Overall, respecting the autonomy and choices of individuals is a fundamental aspect of ethical research conduct.
Which infection control measure should Nurse Emma observe during her visit to the family.
- A. Wear mask
- B. Use face shield
- C. Use gloves
- D. Wear gown
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Wearing a mask is an essential infection control measure to prevent the spread of respiratory illnesses, including COVID-19. By wearing a mask, Nurse Emma can reduce the risk of inhaling or exhaling respiratory droplets that may contain infectious particles, thus helping to protect herself and the family members she is visiting. Masks are particularly crucial when interacting with individuals who are sick or when physical distancing may be challenging. While using gloves, face shields, and gowns are also important infection control measures in certain situations, wearing a mask is the most relevant and effective measure during a home visit to prevent respiratory transmission of infections.
It is not enough for the nurse to listen, but she also has, to validate what she has heard. The importance of validation are the following EXCEPT _____
- A. perceptions influence the interpretation of a message
- B. most patients are cognitively impaired
- C. Eye contact does not necessarily send the same message
- D. assists clarifying thoughts
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The importance of validation in the context of communication and nursing care does not include the assumption that most patients are cognitively impaired. It would be more appropriate to approach patient interactions with the assumption that patients are capable of understanding and coherent communication. Validation is important because it helps ensure that the nurse has truly understood the patient's message, prevents misinterpretation, and fosters a sense of empathy and trust in the nurse-patient relationship. Additionally, validating the patient's thoughts and feelings can help clarify confused thoughts and promote effective communication. The other options (A, C, and D) are all valid reasons emphasizing the significance of validation in effective communication.
The nursing team plans to do chart audit project on post-op patients who and developed pressure sores at the Orthopedic unit over the past year to present. What type of audit is?
- A. Retrospective
- B. Concurrent
- C. Process
- D. Outcome
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: A retrospective audit involves reviewing past cases or data to evaluate processes, outcomes, or compliance with standards. In this scenario, the nursing team plans to audit post-op patients who developed pressure sores over the past year at the Orthopedic unit. By looking at historical data from the past year, the audit is considered retrospective as it assesses what has occurred over a specified period. This type of audit helps identify trends, patterns, and areas for improvement based on past events.