Nokea
A patient suffers from severe postoperative pseudomonadous infection. What of the following antibiotics should be administered in this case?
- A. Amicacin sulfate
- B. Benzylpenicillin
- C. Cephazolin
- D. Erythromycin
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Amikacin sulfate. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is commonly resistant to many antibiotics, but aminoglycosides like Amikacin have good activity against it. Step 1: Identify the pathogen causing the infection. Step 2: Consider the antibiotic's spectrum of activity against the pathogen. Step 3: Choose an antibiotic with proven efficacy. Amikacin is a good choice due to its effectiveness against Pseudomonas. Choice B, Benzylpenicillin, is a penicillin which is not effective against Pseudomonas. Choice C, Cephazolin, is a cephalosporin with limited activity against Pseudomonas. Choice D, Erythromycin, is a macrolide which is not effective against Pseudomonas.
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The infectious (non-sterile) immunity is:
- A. cross-reactivity of antibodies
- B. toxemia and formation of antitoxic antibodies
- C. persistence of infectious agent
- D. neutralization of infectious agent
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because infectious (non-sterile) immunity is achieved through the persistence of the infectious agent in the body, allowing the immune system to continuously recognize and combat the pathogen. This type of immunity provides long-lasting protection against future infections by the same agent.
Choice A (cross-reactivity of antibodies) is incorrect as it refers to the ability of antibodies to recognize similar antigens, not necessarily related to infectious immunity.
Choice B (toxemia and formation of antitoxic antibodies) is incorrect as it specifically relates to toxins produced by pathogens and the corresponding antibody response, not the persistence of the infectious agent itself.
Choice D (neutralization of infectious agent) is incorrect as it describes the process of antibodies binding to and inactivating pathogens, but it does not necessarily lead to long-term immunity through the persistence of the infectious agent.
A fecal sample from a patient with diarrhea was cultured on Endo agar, resulting in colorless colonies. The bacteria were Gram-negative rods. What microorganism is most likely?
- A. Salmonella
- B. Shigella
- C. Escherichia coli
- D. Proteus
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Shigella. On Endo agar, Shigella appears as colorless colonies due to its inability to ferment lactose. Shigella is a Gram-negative rod and is a common cause of diarrhea. Salmonella (A) and Escherichia coli (C) would typically produce pink colonies on Endo agar as they can ferment lactose. Proteus (D) is not commonly associated with diarrhea and would not be expected to grow on Endo agar.
Unlike eukaryotic cytoplasm, the prokaryotic one is:
- A. More complex
- B. Simpler
- C. There is no difference in the structure
- D. None of the above
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Simpler. Prokaryotic cytoplasm is simpler than eukaryotic cytoplasm because prokaryotic cells lack membrane-bound organelles such as a nucleus, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum that are present in eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cytoplasm contains fewer components and structures compared to eukaryotic cytoplasm, making it less complex. Therefore, the prokaryotic cytoplasm is simpler in structure. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because prokaryotic cytoplasm is not more complex than eukaryotic cytoplasm, there is a clear difference in structure between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cytoplasm, and the statement "None of the above" is not accurate as the correct answer is B.
The term infection is equivalent to:
- A. Infectious process
- B. Infectious disease
- C. ahh
- D. None of them
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Infectious process. The term "infection" refers to the invasion of a host organism's body tissues by disease-causing agents, such as bacteria, viruses, or parasites. It encompasses the entire process from the initial entry of the pathogen to the host's response and resolution. Choice B, "Infectious disease," is incorrect as it specifically refers to the clinical manifestation of an infection. Choice C is irrelevant, and Choice D is incorrect as the term "infection" is indeed equivalent to the infectious process.
Growth of bacteria is a result of:
- A. Air consumption
- B. Water adsorption
- C. Enzyme production
- D. Radio isotopes
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The growth of bacteria is a result of water adsorption because water is essential for various metabolic processes within the bacterial cells, such as nutrient uptake, energy production, and waste removal. Water serves as a medium for chemical reactions to occur and provides structural support to the bacteria. Without sufficient water, bacteria cannot thrive and reproduce.
A: Air consumption is incorrect because while bacteria may require oxygen for respiration, it is not the primary factor for their growth.
C: Enzyme production is incorrect because enzymes are important for various cellular functions but do not directly influence bacterial growth.
D: Radio isotopes are incorrect as they are not essential for bacterial growth and can even be harmful to bacterial cells.