Nokea
Name the halogen-containing antiseptic with fungicidal properties, which is used to treat dermatomycosis:
- A. Iodine solution
- B. Formalin solution
- C. Methylene blue
- D. Brilliant green
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Rationale:
1. Iodine solution contains iodine, a halogen with antiseptic properties.
2. Iodine is effective against fungi, making it suitable for treating dermatomycosis.
3. Iodine solution is commonly used in dermatology for its fungicidal properties.
4. Formalin, methylene blue, and brilliant green do not contain halogens or have fungicidal properties.
Summary:
- Formalin is a disinfectant, not an antiseptic for dermatomycosis.
- Methylene blue is an antifungal dye, not used as an antiseptic.
- Brilliant green is an antiseptic, but does not contain halogens or have fungicidal properties.
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A female patient has symptoms of inflammation of urogenital tracts. A smear from the vaginal mucous membrane contained big unicellular pyriform organisms with a sharp spike on the back end of their bodies; big nucleus and undulating membrane. What protozoa were revealed in the smear?
- A. Trichomonas vaginalis
- B. Trichomonas hominis
- C. Trichomonas buccalis
- D. Trypanosoma gambiense
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Trichomonas vaginalis. Trichomonas vaginalis is a protozoan parasite that causes trichomoniasis, a sexually transmitted infection characterized by inflammation of urogenital tracts. The description of big unicellular pyriform organisms with a sharp spike on the back end of their bodies, big nucleus, and undulating membrane matches the morphology of Trichomonas vaginalis. Trichomonas hominis and Trichomonas buccalis are different species that do not cause urogenital infections. Trypanosoma gambiense is a protozoan parasite causing African trypanosomiasis and does not match the described morphology or symptoms.
The bacteriological laboratory needs to prepare for analysis of materials that are suspected to be contaminated with spores of anthrax causative agent. What diagnostic preparation allows for quick detection of these spores?
- A. Anti-anthrax fluorescent serum
- B. Standard anthrax antigen
- C. Anti-anthrax immunoglobulin
- D. Monoclonal antibodies to anthrax causative agent
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Monoclonal antibodies to anthrax causative agent. Monoclonal antibodies are highly specific for detecting anthrax spores, providing quick and accurate results. They bind only to the anthrax causative agent, allowing for precise identification.
Choice A (Anti-anthrax fluorescent serum) is incorrect because it is not as specific and sensitive as monoclonal antibodies.
Choice B (Standard anthrax antigen) is incorrect as it is used to stimulate antibody production in the body, not for direct detection of spores.
Choice C (Anti-anthrax immunoglobulin) is incorrect as it is a general term for antibodies and may not be specific to anthrax spores.
In summary, monoclonal antibodies are the most suitable option for quick and accurate detection of anthrax spores due to their high specificity and sensitivity.
A patient with a sore throat and fever had a throat culture revealing Gram-positive cocci in chains. The bacteria were beta-hemolytic. What is the most likely causative agent?
- A. Streptococcus pyogenes
- B. Streptococcus pneumoniae
- C. Enterococcus faecalis
- D. Staphylococcus aureus
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Streptococcus pyogenes.
1. Gram-positive cocci in chains suggest streptococci.
2. Beta-hemolytic activity indicates Streptococcus pyogenes.
3. Streptococcus pyogenes is commonly associated with sore throat (pharyngitis) and fever.
4. Streptococcus pneumoniae (choice B) is alpha-hemolytic and mainly causes pneumonia.
5. Enterococcus faecalis (choice C) is not typically associated with sore throat.
6. Staphylococcus aureus (choice D) is not commonly beta-hemolytic and is not a typical cause of pharyngitis.
Etiological cause of bacteremia could be:
- A. S.epidermidis, E.coli, S. aureus
- B. P.aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, E.coli
- C. Resident skin diphtheroids
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because bacteremia can be caused by a variety of bacteria including S.epidermidis, E.coli, S.aureus, P.aeruginosa, K.pneumoniae, and resident skin diphtheroids. Bacteremia refers to the presence of bacteria in the bloodstream, which can occur due to infections from various sources. Choices A and B include common bacteria known to cause bacteremia, while choice C refers to resident skin diphtheroids that can also enter the bloodstream under certain conditions. Therefore, the correct answer is D as it encompasses all the possible etiological causes of bacteremia.
Almost half of all the STIs diagnosed in the United States are among:
- A. adolescents
- B. young adults
- C. young adults
- D. the elderly
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: young adults. Young adults are at a higher risk for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) due to factors such as engaging in risky sexual behaviors, lack of awareness, and inconsistent condom use. They are more likely to have multiple sexual partners and are less likely to seek regular STI screenings. Adolescents, while also at risk, may not make up almost half of all STI cases in the U.S. The elderly, on the other hand, are generally at a lower risk due to lower levels of sexual activity compared to young adults.