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A patient undergoing fertility treatment asks about egg quality improvement. What should the nurse recommend?
- A. Consuming a diet rich in antioxidants may support better egg quality.
- B. Relying solely on supplements guarantees improved egg quality.
- C. Exercising excessively will enhance egg maturation.
- D. Egg quality is not influenced by external factors.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because antioxidants help reduce oxidative stress, which can improve egg quality. Antioxidants protect eggs from damage caused by free radicals. Consuming a diet rich in antioxidants can support better egg quality.
Choice B is incorrect because relying solely on supplements does not guarantee improved egg quality. Choice C is incorrect because excessive exercise can actually have a negative impact on egg maturation. Choice D is incorrect because egg quality can be influenced by external factors such as diet, lifestyle, and environmental factors.
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A patient undergoing IVF asks about the risks of transferring multiple embryos. What should the nurse discuss?
- A. Increased chances of multiple pregnancies, which can pose risks to both mother and babies.
- B. Reduced implantation rates due to overcrowding in the uterus.
- C. Improved success rates with no associated risks.
- D. Increased likelihood of genetic abnormalities.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because transferring multiple embryos during IVF increases the likelihood of multiple pregnancies, which can lead to complications for both the mother and babies, such as preterm birth and low birth weight. This is a well-documented risk in IVF procedures.
Choice B is incorrect because overcrowding in the uterus does not reduce implantation rates; rather, it can increase the chances of successful implantation of the embryos.
Choice C is incorrect as transferring multiple embryos does not guarantee improved success rates and can actually increase the risks associated with multiple pregnancies.
Choice D is incorrect because while there is a slightly increased risk of genetic abnormalities in pregnancies resulting from IVF, the primary concern related to transferring multiple embryos is the increased risk of multiple pregnancies.
A provider has ordered several diagnostic procedures for a couple with suspected infertility. Which diagnostic procedure is useful for determining if ovulation has occurred?
- A. FSH level
- B. Progesterone level
- C. Estrogen level
- D. Vaginal ultrasound
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Progesterone level. Progesterone is the hormone secreted after ovulation, indicating that ovulation has occurred. Monitoring progesterone levels can confirm ovulation. FSH (A) and estrogen (C) levels reflect the ovarian function but do not directly confirm ovulation. Vaginal ultrasound (D) can visualize the ovaries but does not definitively confirm ovulation.
Lori, who is 32 years old, is taking clomiphene citrate to induce ovulation and presents to the office for a vaginal ultrasound. She mentions experiencing abdominal bloating, nausea, and weight gain of 5 pounds over the past 12 hours. What condition do these symptoms indicate?
- A. Ovulation
- B. Premenstrual syndrome
- C. Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome
- D. Failed ovulation induction
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS). OHSS is a potential complication of ovulation induction with medications like clomiphene citrate. The symptoms of abdominal bloating, nausea, and rapid weight gain indicate fluid accumulation in the abdominal cavity, a hallmark of OHSS. This occurs due to enlarged ovaries releasing excessive fluid into the abdomen. It is important to monitor patients like Lori closely for signs of OHSS to prevent severe complications.
Incorrect choices:
A: Ovulation - Symptoms described are not typical of normal ovulation.
B: Premenstrual syndrome - Symptoms are not consistent with typical PMS symptoms.
D: Failed ovulation induction - Symptoms of weight gain and bloating are not indicative of failed ovulation induction but rather a complication of the treatment.
What is the significance of a hysteroscopy in infertility evaluation?
- A. To measure hormone levels in the uterus.
- B. To visualize and treat abnormalities within the uterine cavity.
- C. To monitor egg development during ovulation induction.
- D. To assess ovarian reserve through imaging.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: To visualize and treat abnormalities within the uterine cavity. A hysteroscopy is a minimally invasive procedure that allows direct visualization of the inside of the uterus using a thin, lighted tube. In infertility evaluation, it helps identify and treat issues such as polyps, fibroids, adhesions, or other abnormalities that may be interfering with implantation or causing recurrent miscarriages. It is crucial for improving fertility outcomes.
Choice A is incorrect because a hysteroscopy does not measure hormone levels in the uterus. Choice C is incorrect because monitoring egg development is typically done through ultrasound imaging, not hysteroscopy. Choice D is incorrect because assessing ovarian reserve is usually done through blood tests and ultrasound evaluation of the ovaries, not hysteroscopy.
Which type of breech presentation is identified when the buttocks present first, with both legs extended up toward the face?
- B. A. frank
- C. B. full
- D. C. complete
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: In a frank breech presentation, the buttocks present first, with both legs extended up toward the face. This is a common breech presentation that requires careful monitoring during labor and birth to ensure a safe delivery. In a full or complete breech, the fetus sits cross-legged above the cervix, while in a footling breech, one or both legs are presenting. Understanding the different types of breech presentations is crucial for providing appropriate care and support during labor and birth.