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A patient was admitted last night with a hip fracture sustained in a fall while intoxicated. The patient points to the Buck traction and screams, 'Somebody tied me up with ropes.' The patient is experiencing:
- A. illusion
- B. delusion
- C. hallucinations
- D. hypnagogic phenomenon
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: illusion. An illusion is a misinterpretation of a real external stimulus. In this case, the patient is misperceiving the traction as ropes due to the altered mental state from intoxication. It is a sensory distortion based on a real object. Delusion (B) is a fixed false belief, not related to sensory perceptions. Hallucinations (C) are false sensory perceptions without external stimulus. Hypnagogic phenomenon (D) refers to sensory experiences during the transition from wakefulness to sleep, not applicable here.
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Amanda’s mobile home was destroyed by a tornado. Amanda received only minor injuries, but is experiencing disabling anxiety in the aftermath of the event. This type of crisis is called:
- A. Crisis resulting from traumatic stress
- B. Maturational/developmental crisis
- C. Dispositional crisis
- D. Crisis of anticipated life transitions
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Crisis resulting from traumatic stress. This is because Amanda's anxiety is a direct result of the traumatic event of her mobile home being destroyed by a tornado. Traumatic stress can lead to emotional and psychological distress, such as anxiety, following a life-threatening or traumatic event.
Choices B, C, and D are incorrect:
B: Maturational/developmental crisis refers to crises that arise from normal life transitions or developmental stages. Amanda's situation is not a result of a typical life transition.
C: Dispositional crisis is a result of pre-existing personality characteristics or coping strategies. Amanda’s crisis is not due to her inherent disposition.
D: Crisis of anticipated life transitions involves stress related to expected life changes. Amanda's situation was unexpected due to the tornado and not a planned life transition.
Which assessment findings best correlate to the withdrawal from central nervous system depressants?
- A. Dilated pupils, tachycardia, elevated blood pressure, elation
- B. Labile mood, lack of coordination, fever, drowsiness
- C. Nausea, vomiting, diaphoresis, anxiety, tremors
- D. Excessive eating, constipation, headache
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because the assessment findings of nausea, vomiting, diaphoresis, anxiety, and tremors are classic symptoms of withdrawal from central nervous system depressants such as alcohol or benzodiazepines. Nausea and vomiting can result from the body's attempt to expel the toxic substance, diaphoresis can occur due to increased sympathetic activity, anxiety and tremors are common manifestations of central nervous system hyperactivity during withdrawal. The other choices (A, B, D) do not align with the typical withdrawal symptoms of CNS depressants and are more indicative of other conditions or substances.
The psychological test measure self-concept is
- A. Rorschach
- B. MMPI
- C. WAIS
- D. TAT
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The TAT can reveal self-concept through the personal narratives elicited.
Which class of medications increases the availability of serotonin by blocking the reuptake of serotonin at the presynaptic membrane?
- A. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
- B. Polyuria
- C. Carbamazepine (Tegretol)
- D. Lithium
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). SSRIs block the reuptake of serotonin at the presynaptic membrane, leading to increased availability of serotonin in the synaptic cleft. This helps alleviate symptoms of depression and anxiety. Choice B, Polyuria, is a symptom related to excessive urination and is not a class of medication. Choice C, Carbamazepine, is an anticonvulsant and mood stabilizer that works by different mechanisms, not by increasing serotonin availability. Choice D, Lithium, is also a mood stabilizer primarily used in bipolar disorder and does not directly increase serotonin levels.
The psychosexual stage associated with autonomy is
- A. Oral
- B. Anal
- C. Phallic
- D. Genital
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The anal stage (1-3 years) fosters autonomy through control mastery (Freud).