Nokea
A patient who had a below-the-knee amputation is to be fitted with a temporary prosthesis. It is most important for the nurse to teach the patient to do what?
- A. Inspect the residual limb daily for irritation.
- B. Apply an elastic shrinker before applying the prosthesis.
- C. Perform range-of-motion (ROM) exercises to the affected leg four times a day.
- D. Apply alcohol to the residual limb every morning and evening to toughen the skin.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Shrinkers help mold the residual limb for the prosthesis.
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If an individual suffers a traumatic event and has a neurological disorder that means they may be unable to recall anything from the moment of the injury or to retain memories of recent events. This is known as:
- A. anterograde amnesia
- B. retrograde amnesia
- C. postevent amnesia
- D. antenatal amnesia
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Anterograde amnesia refers to the inability to form new memories after the onset of amnesia, often due to brain injury or trauma. This condition severely impacts an individual's ability to retain information about recent events, while memories from before the injury may remain intact. It is commonly associated with damage to the hippocampus, a brain region critical for memory formation and consolidation.
Which technique is used to assess the cerebellum?
- A. Application of a pointed tip of a paper clip to lightly prick various areas of the upper and lower extremities for pain
- B. Having the patient walk on the heels and hen on the toes to test for balance
- C. With the patient's eyes closed, grasping his or her finger or toe and moving its position up or down to determine if the patient perceives that the digit has moved
- D. Having the patient lie supine and flex the hips and knees to test for mobility
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Assessing the cerebellum involves testing balance and coordination. Having the patient walk on their heels and toes evaluates cerebellar function. Pain sensation, proprioception, and mobility are assessed through other techniques.
Which statement accurately describes dementia?
- A. Overproduction of β-amyloid protein causes all dementias.
- B. Dementia resulting from neurodegenerative causes can be prevented.
- C. Dementia caused by hepatic or renal encephalopathy cannot be reversed.
- D. Vascular dementia can be diagnosed by brain lesions identified with neuroimaging.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Neuroimaging can identify vascular lesions causing dementia
Which of the following can NOT be prevented with a vaccine?
- A. tetanus
- B. pneumococcal meningitis
- C. meningococcal meningitis
- D. listeriosis
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: listeriosis. Listeriosis is caused by a bacterium and there is currently no vaccine available for it. Tetanus, pneumococcal meningitis, and meningococcal meningitis, on the other hand, are all preventable with vaccines. Tetanus is prevented by the DTaP vaccine, pneumococcal meningitis by the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, and meningococcal meningitis by the meningococcal vaccine. Therefore, listeriosis is the only condition among the options that cannot be prevented with a vaccine.
In most cases, when diagnosing a neurological disorder such as dementia, the clinician will endeavour to classify it according to its cause. Which of the following is a specific cause that has been identified?:
- A. Alzheimer's Disease.
- B. Pick's Disease.
- C. Parkinson's Disease.
- D. All of the above.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Neurological disorders like dementia can be caused by a variety of underlying conditions, including Alzheimer's disease, Pick's disease, and Parkinson's disease. Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia, characterized by the accumulation of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain. Pick's disease is a rare form of dementia associated with frontotemporal lobe degeneration, while Parkinson's disease can lead to dementia due to the progressive loss of dopamine-producing neurons.