Nokea
What characteristics are common in spondyloarthritides associated with human leukocyte antigen (HLA)€“B27?
- A. Symmetric polyarticular arthritis
- B. Absence of extraarticular disease
- C. Presence of rheumatoid factor and autoantibodies
- D. High level of involvement of sacroiliac joints and the axial skeleton
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Spondyloarthritides primarily affect the axial skeleton.
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The action potential of a neuron
- A. is initiated by efflux of Na+
- B. is terminated by efflux of K+
- C. declines in amplitude as it moves along the axon
- D. results in a transient reversal of the concentration gradient of Na+ across the cell membrane
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The action potential is initiated by the influx of Na+ through voltage-gated sodium channels, causing depolarization. It is terminated by the efflux of K+ through voltage-gated potassium channels, leading to repolarization. The action potential does not decline in amplitude as it propagates along the axon (all-or-none principle), and there is a net movement of Na+ and K+ across the membrane during the process.
For what purpose would the nurse use the Mini-Mental State Examination to evaluate a patient with cognitive impairment?
- A. It is a good tool to determine the etiology of dementia.
- B. It is a good tool to evaluate mood and thought processes.
- C. It can help to document the degree of cognitive impairment in delirium and dementia.
- D. It is useful for initial evaluation of mental status but additional tools are needed to evaluate changes in cognition over time.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The MMSE documents cognitive impairment in delirium and dementia
A patient in traction frequently voices discomfort. Which one of the following complaints by Mrs. Iris would indicate beginning decubitus formation?
- A. Numbness of her toes on her left foot
- B. Pain around the insertion of the Kirschner wire
- C. Stiffness and aching of the right ankle
- D. Burning pain in the sacral area
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Burning pain in the sacral area can indicate pressure sores forming due to prolonged pressure.
Which is the CORRECT myotome?
- A. S1 supplies hip abduction
- B. ?
- C. L3, 4 causes knee extension
- D. ?
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The L3 and L4 nerve roots innervate the quadriceps muscles, which are responsible for knee extension. This is important in assessing lumbar nerve root function.
You are caring for a patient who has just had open carpal tunnel release surgery. The surgeon has requested that the patient's hand and arm remain elevated above the level of the heart after the surgery. This is to
- A. Reduce lymphatic drainage.
- B. Reduce postoperative swelling.
- C. Restrict hand movements.
- D. Decrease possibility of nosocomial infection.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Elevation reduces swelling by improving venous and lymphatic return.