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A patient who has successfully been treated for a pulmonary embolism is about to be discharged. How can he lower the risk of experiencing another pulmonary embolism?
- A. Avoid sitting and standing for too long and do not cross legs.
- B. Take vitamin K with heparin.
- C. Avoid confined spaces.
- D. Jog 5 miles each day.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A. Avoiding prolonged immobility and crossing legs reduces the risk of venous thrombosis. B is incorrect because vitamin K antagonizes heparin. C (avoiding confined spaces) is unrelated. D (jogging) is beneficial but not directly preventive.
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Which of the following instructions should the nurse give a client about his active tuberculosis (TB)?
- A. "It's okay to miss a dose every day or two."
- B. "If side effects occur, stop taking the medication."
- C. "Only take the medication until you feel better."
- D. "You must comply with the medication regimen to treat TB."
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because adherence to the medication regimen is crucial in treating active TB to prevent drug resistance and ensure successful treatment. Missing doses can lead to treatment failure and the spread of TB. Option A is incorrect because missing doses compromises treatment effectiveness. Option B is incorrect as stopping medication due to side effects can also result in treatment failure. Option C is incorrect because TB treatment must be completed as prescribed, regardless of symptom improvement.
In Carbon monoxide poisoning, Hemoglobin shows about 250 times greater affinity with CO2 than oxygen and Carbonmonoxyheamoglobin (COHb). This causes Oxygen starvation and Asphyxia. The immediate remedy is
- A. Giving pure Oxygen
- B. Dialysis
- C. Giving pure Oxygen Carbon dioxide mixture
- D. Transfusing blood
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Giving pure Oxygen Carbon dioxide mixture. When hemoglobin binds with carbon monoxide (CO) instead of oxygen, it forms carboxyhemoglobin (COHb), which decreases the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood. Administering pure oxygen helps to displace CO from hemoglobin, but giving pure oxygen alone may not be sufficient in severe cases. By providing a mixture of pure oxygen and carbon dioxide, the increased carbon dioxide levels can help stimulate breathing and aid in the elimination of CO from the body more rapidly. This approach can help restore oxygen levels in the blood more effectively compared to just giving pure oxygen. Dialysis and blood transfusion are not immediate remedies for carbon monoxide poisoning and are not as directly targeted at addressing the underlying issue of COHb formation.
Which condition contributes to secondary pulmonary arterial hypertension by causing pulmonary capillary and alveolar damage?
- A. COPD
- B. Sarcoidosis
- C. Pulmonary fibrosis
- D. Pulmonary embolism
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: In this case, the correct answer should be D, as pulmonary embolism can lead to secondary pulmonary arterial hypertension by causing damage to the pulmonary capillaries and alveoli, resulting in increased pressure in the pulmonary arteries.
A nurse teaches a client who is prescribed nicotine replacement therapy. Which statement should the nurse include in this client's teaching?
- A. Make a list of reasons why smoking is a bad habit.
- B. Rise slowly when getting out of bed in the morning.
- C. Smoking while taking this medication will increase your risk of a stroke.
- D. Stopping this medication suddenly increases your risk for a heart attack.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C. Smoking while taking nicotine replacement therapy can increase the risk of a stroke due to the combination of nicotine intake from smoking and the therapy. This is important for the client to understand to avoid potential serious health complications.
A: Making a list of reasons why smoking is bad is not directly related to the client's use of nicotine replacement therapy.
B: Rising slowly when getting out of bed is a general safety measure and not specific to nicotine replacement therapy.
D: Stopping nicotine replacement therapy suddenly does not increase the risk for a heart attack; rather, it may lead to withdrawal symptoms.
The patient has just had an MRI ordered because a routine chest x-ray showed suspicious areas in the right lung. The physician suspects bronchogenic carcinoma. An MRI would most likely be ordered to assess for what in this patient?
- A. Alveolar dysfunction
- B. Forced vital capacity
- C. Tidal volume
- D. Chest wall invasion
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Chest wall invasion. An MRI would be ordered to assess for any potential invasion of the chest wall by the suspected bronchogenic carcinoma. MRI provides detailed imaging of soft tissues and can help determine the extent of tumor invasion beyond the lungs.
Explanation:
A: Alveolar dysfunction - Alveolar dysfunction is typically assessed using pulmonary function tests or imaging techniques like CT scans, not MRI.
B: Forced vital capacity - Forced vital capacity is a measure of lung function and is not typically assessed using MRI.
C: Tidal volume - Tidal volume is a measure of the volume of air moved in and out of the lungs during normal breathing and is not assessed using MRI in this context.