Normal Anatomy and Physiology of the Female Pelvis

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A patient who is experiencing trouble becoming pregnant reported that she has only two to three menstrual periods per year. What is an initial explanation for this problem?

  • A. Ovulation is difficult to predict.
  • B. There is a definite lack of gonadotropin-releasing hormone.
  • C. Something is blocking one or both fallopian tubes.
  • D. Only one ovary is functioning.
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer, A, is the initial explanation because irregular menstrual periods suggest infrequent ovulation, making it difficult to predict the fertile window for conception. Lack of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (B) would result in no ovulation at all. Blocked fallopian tubes (C) would prevent the egg from reaching the uterus, causing infertility. If only one ovary is functioning (D), the patient would still ovulate regularly from that ovary.

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If bottle-feeding a neonate with cleft lip and cleft palate, the nipple should be

  • A. shorter than normal size
  • B. normal size for gestation
  • C. longer than normal size
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Longer nipples accommodate structural anomalies, facilitating feeding.

Conditions that cause the fallopian tubes to be narrower than normal may result in:

  • A. Excessive cramping and bleeding during menstruation.
  • B. Increased likelihood of pregnancy during each cycle.
  • C. More rapid propulsion of the ovum through the tube.
  • D. Implantation of a fertilized ovum within the tube.
Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Narrower fallopian tubes can trap a fertilized ovum, leading to ectopic pregnancy.

Which phases are included in the ovarian cycle?

  • A. Proliferative and secretory phases
  • B. Estrogen and progesterone phases
  • C. Endometrial and luteal phases
  • D. Follicular and luteal phases
Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because the ovarian cycle includes the follicular phase (development of ovarian follicles) and the luteal phase (release of the egg and formation of the corpus luteum). The other choices are incorrect because:
A: Proliferative and secretory phases refer to phases of the menstrual cycle, not the ovarian cycle.
B: Estrogen and progesterone are hormones involved in the ovarian cycle, but they do not represent the phases themselves.
C: Endometrial and luteal phases involve the uterus and not specifically the ovary.

Which of the following is not part of the primary egg follicle?

  • A. Germinal epithelium
  • B. Oocyte
  • C. Follicular cells
  • D. All of the above are part of the primary egg follicle.
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The germinal epithelium is not part of the primary egg follicle.

Following spontaneous rupture of the membranes during labor, if the fetal heart rate becomes markedly bradycardic with variable decelerations, this likely indicates

  • A. cord prolapse
  • B. placenta previa
  • C. fetal head compression
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Variable decelerations with bradycardia suggest cord compression, possibly due to prolapse.

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