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A patient with a history of heart failure is prescribed digoxin. Which assessment finding indicates a potential adverse effect of digoxin therapy?
- A. Bradycardia
- B. Hypotension
- C. Hyperkalemia
- D. Confusion
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Confusion is a potential adverse effect of digoxin therapy. Digoxin toxicity can manifest as various central nervous system symptoms, including confusion, delirium, and disorientation. It is important to monitor for signs of digoxin toxicity in patients taking this medication, especially those with a history of heart failure or renal impairment. Other common signs of digoxin toxicity may include visual disturbances (like halos around lights), gastrointestinal symptoms (like nausea and vomiting), and cardiac arrhythmias. Monitoring serum digoxin levels can help guide therapy and identify toxicity early.
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A patient with a chronic viral infection demonstrates persistently elevated levels of CD8+ cytotoxic T cells in their blood. Which of the following mechanisms is most likely responsible for this observation?
- A. Activation-induced cell death (AICD)
- B. T cell exhaustion
- C. Thymic involution
- D. Antigenic variation
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: T cell exhaustion is a state of T cell dysfunction that arises during chronic viral infections or cancer. In the case of a chronic viral infection, the persistent exposure to viral antigens leads to continuous stimulation of CD8+ cytotoxic T cells. Over time, this sustained stimulation can lead to T cell exhaustion, characterized by the upregulation of inhibitory receptors, impaired effector functions, and reduced proliferative capacity. As a result, despite the elevated levels of CD8+ T cells in the blood, their function may be compromised, ultimately impacting the immune response against the viral infection. In contrast, activation-induced cell death (AICD) may contribute to T cell loss during chronic infections but would not explain the persistently elevated CD8+ T cell levels. Thymic involution refers to the age-related decline in thymus function, which is not directly related to the observed increase in CD8+ T cells. Antigenic
A pregnant woman presents with severe abdominal pain and syncope at 6 weeks gestation. On examination, she has signs of hypovolemic shock. Which of the following conditions is the most likely cause of these symptoms?
- A. Ectopic pregnancy
- B. Threatened abortion
- C. Placenta previa
- D. Gestational trophoblastic disease
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: In a pregnant woman presenting with severe abdominal pain, syncope, signs of hypovolemic shock, and gestational age of 6 weeks, the most likely cause is an ectopic pregnancy. An ectopic pregnancy occurs when a fertilized egg implants outside the uterus, commonly in the fallopian tube. As the pregnancy grows and the tube stretches, it can lead to rupture, causing severe abdominal pain, internal bleeding, and signs of shock. This is a life-threatening emergency that requires prompt diagnosis and management. It is important to consider ectopic pregnancy in any pregnant woman presenting with abdominal pain and signs of shock, especially in the first trimester.
Patient Hydee asks how she could Distinguish between true and false labor? Which is NOT included among the factors in which the nurse should base her answer from?
- A. Contractions
- B. Cervical by vaginal examination
- C. Vital signs
- D. Engagement of fetus
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The engagement of the fetus refers to the baby's head moving down into the mother's pelvis in preparation for birth. This factor is not typically used to distinguish between true and false labor because it is a sign of progress in labor rather than a defining characteristic of true labor. In contrast, the factors that are commonly used to differentiate between true and false labor include contractions (e.g., regularity, intensity, duration), cervical changes observed through vaginal examination (e.g., effacement and dilation), and monitoring vital signs.
Inductive Reasoning process is applied in:
- A. Qualitative research
- B. Action research
- C. Quantitative research
- D. Applied research
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Inductive reasoning is the process of drawing general conclusions from specific observations or examples. It is often used in qualitative research to develop theories or explanations based on the data collected. Qualitative research focuses on understanding phenomena in their natural settings and uses inductive reasoning to interpret and make sense of the data. This approach allows researchers to explore complex issues and uncover new insights by analyzing the details and patterns within the data.
Which of the following should be AVOIDED by patient Sonia while she is being treated for hypothyroidism?
- A. Use of warm blankets
- B. Taking foods low in fiber
- C. Light activities done at home
- D. Exposure to cold temperature
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Patients with hypothyroidism have a decreased ability to regulate their body temperature due to the reduced hormone levels. Exposure to cold temperatures can exacerbate this issue and lead to symptoms such as cold intolerance, feeling cold all the time, and potentially even hypothermia. It is important for patients with hypothyroidism to avoid prolonged exposure to cold temperatures to prevent any negative impact on their health.