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A patient with advanced AIDS has a nursing diagnosis of impaired memory related to neurologic changes. In planning care for the patient, what should the nurse set as the highest priority?
- A. Maintain a safe patient environment
- B. Provide a quiet, nonstressful environment to avoid overstimulation
- C. Use memory cues such as calendars and clocks to promote orientation
- D. Provide written instructions of directions to promote understanding and orientation
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Safety is paramount for cognitively impaired patients. Preventing falls and ensuring access to necessities takes precedence over other interventions.
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The best treatment for mononucleosis is:
- A. Antibiotics.
- B. Physical therapy.
- C. NSAIDs.
- D. Rest and fluids.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Mononucleosis is caused by a viral infection, so antibiotics are ineffective. Rest and fluids are the most effective treatments as they support the body's immune response and help manage symptoms like fatigue and dehydration.
What are characteristics of the phosphate buffer system (select all that apply)?
- A. Neutralizes a strong base to a weak base and water
- B. Resultant sodium biphosphate is eliminated by kidneys
- C. Free acid radicals dissociate into H+ and CO2,buffering excess base
- D. Neutralizes a strong acid to yield sodium biphosphate,a weak acid and salt
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Phosphate buffers neutralize strong bases/acid, form sodium biphosphate, and eliminate it through the kidneys.
The 'major histocompatibility complex' (MHC) proteins involved in antigen presentation to T cells were first noted during studies of:
- A. Innate immunity
- B. Allergy
- C. Transplantation
- D. Autoimmunity
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Transplantation. MHC proteins play a crucial role in transplant rejection by presenting antigens to T cells, initiating an immune response against foreign tissues. This discovery was significant in understanding transplant immunology. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because innate immunity involves nonspecific defense mechanisms, allergies are mediated by IgE antibodies, and autoimmunity involves the immune system attacking self-antigens, none of which directly relate to the discovery of MHC proteins in transplantation studies.
When was the first vaccine for smallpox developed?
- A. 1726
- B. 1796
- C. 1882
- D. 1895
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: 1796. This is because the first vaccine for smallpox was developed by Edward Jenner in 1796. He used cowpox virus to create immunity against smallpox. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because they do not align with historical records of the development of the smallpox vaccine. Choice A (1726) is too early, choices C (1882) and D (1895) are much later dates and do not correspond to the actual timeline of the smallpox vaccine's discovery.
Deficiencies in the classical pathway of complement are associated with:
- A. Increased cancer risk
- B. Resistance to bacterial infections
- C. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
- D. Overactivation of adaptive immunity
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale:
1. Deficiencies in the classical pathway lead to impaired clearance of immune complexes, hence contributing to SLE.
2. This pathway plays a crucial role in removing self-antigens and maintaining immune tolerance.
3. Increased cancer risk (A) is not directly linked to classical pathway deficiencies.
4. Resistance to bacterial infections (B) is more associated with deficiencies in the alternative pathway.
5. Overactivation of adaptive immunity (D) is not a direct consequence of classical pathway deficiencies.