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A patient’s breast tumor originates from embryonal ectoderm. It has moderate dysplasia and moderately differentiated cells. It is a small tumor with minimal lymph node involvement and no metastases. What is the best description of this tumor?
- A. Sarcoma,grade II,T3 N4 M0
- B. Leukemia,grade I,T1 N2 M1
- C. Carcinoma,grade II,T1 N1 M0
- D. Lymphoma,grade III,T1 N0 M
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: This tumor is classified as a carcinoma, grade II, with a small size, limited lymph node involvement, and no metastases.
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What is the prevalence of sarcoidosis in Ireland?
- A. One of the lowest globally
- B. Among the highest globally
- C. Similar to the global average
- D. Extremely rare
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Among the highest globally. Sarcoidosis prevalence in Ireland is relatively high compared to other regions. This is due to genetic factors, environmental influences, and possibly healthcare practices. Sarcoidosis rates vary worldwide, with Ireland being noted for its higher prevalence. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because Ireland's sarcoidosis prevalence is not among the lowest globally, similar to the global average, or extremely rare.
APECED is a rare autoimmune disease caused by deficiency of
- A. CTLA-4
- B. AIRE
- C. Tregs
- D. TGF-β
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: AIRE. APECED (Autoimmune Polyendocrinopathy-Candidiasis-Ectodermal Dystrophy) is caused by mutations in the AIRE gene. AIRE is responsible for regulating the expression of self-antigens in the thymus, crucial for the development of immune tolerance. Deficiency in AIRE leads to the production of autoantibodies and autoimmune manifestations.
Incorrect options:
A: CTLA-4 is involved in downregulating immune responses but is not directly linked to APECED.
C: Tregs (regulatory T cells) play a role in immune tolerance, but APECED is not directly caused by their deficiency.
D: TGF-β is a cytokine involved in immune regulation, but its deficiency does not lead to APECED.
The patient’s wound is not healing, so the health care provider is going to send the patient home with negative pressure wound therapy or a “wound vac” device. What will the caregiver need to understand about the use of this device?
- A. The wound must be cleaned daily.
- B. The patient will be placed in a hyperbaric chamber.
- C. The occlusive dressing must be sealed tightly to the skin.
- D. The diet will not be as important with this sort of treatment.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Negative pressure wound therapy requires a secure seal around the wound to ensure effective suction and removal of exudate, promoting granulation tissue formation.
A segment of DNA that reads the same from forward and backward is called_____.
- A. Complementary DNA
- B. Palindromic DNA
- C. Copy DNA
- D. Transcribed DNA
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Palindromic DNA. Palindromic DNA refers to a segment of DNA that reads the same from both directions. This property occurs when the nucleotide sequence on one strand of DNA is the reverse complement of the nucleotide sequence on the other strand. This symmetry allows the DNA sequence to be read the same forward and backward.
Incorrect choices:
A: Complementary DNA - Complementary DNA refers to a synthesized DNA strand that is complementary to a given DNA sequence.
C: Copy DNA - Copy DNA is not a commonly used term in molecular biology.
D: Transcribed DNA - Transcribed DNA refers to DNA that has been converted into RNA through the process of transcription, not DNA that reads the same forward and backward.
Which complement components are primarily involved in Type III hypersensitivity?
- A. C1 and C4
- B. C3a and C5a
- C. C5b and C6
- D. C2 and C7
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: C3a and C5a. In Type III hypersensitivity reactions, immune complexes form and deposit in tissues, leading to complement activation. C3a and C5a are anaphylatoxins released during complement activation, causing inflammation and tissue damage in Type III hypersensitivity.
Rationale:
A: C1 and C4 are primarily involved in Type I hypersensitivity reactions.
C: C5b and C6 are part of the membrane attack complex in the classical pathway of complement activation, not specific to Type III hypersensitivity.
D: C2 and C7 are involved in the classical pathway of complement activation but not directly implicated in Type III hypersensitivity reactions.