Nokea
A physician is discussing the care of the client with a certain type of fracture with the nurse. Which type of fracture is defined as a fracture in which damage also involves the skin or mucous membranes?
- A. Pathologic
- B. Compression
- C. Depressed
- D. Compound
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: A compound fracture involves damage to the skin or mucous membranes.
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Apraxia involves an inability to undertake learned and purposeful activities such as dressing, cooking etc., and means that sufferers must rely increasingly on caregivers to help with these activities. Limb apraxia is a common symptom of left hemisphere damage and consists of a deficit in performing gestures to verbal command or imitation. One form of rehabilitation training for limb apraxia is:
- A. Gestural training.
- B. Mime training.
- C. Motor training.
- D. Replication training.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Gestural training is a rehabilitation technique used to improve limb apraxia, a condition characterized by difficulty in performing purposeful movements. This training involves teaching individuals to recognize and execute appropriate gestures and postures, enhancing their ability to perform daily activities. By focusing on the coordination of movements and the context in which they are used, gestural training helps individuals regain functional independence and reduce reliance on caregivers.
The diagnostic manual used by clinicians called DSM-IV-TR identifies two broader diagnostic syndromes into which many neurological disorders fall. Dementia is one which is characterised by which of the following:
- A. The impairment of basic cognitive functions.
- B. The impairment of physical abilities.
- C. The impairment of memory.
- D. All of the above.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Dementia is a neurological syndrome characterized by the progressive decline of cognitive functions, including memory, reasoning, and the ability to perform daily activities. It is often accompanied by changes in mood, behavior, and personality. Dementia can result from various causes, such as Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, or traumatic brain injury, and it significantly impacts an individual's quality of life and independence.
The presence of Parkinsonism suggests damage to the following:
- A. caudate nucleus
- B. black substance
- C. cerebellar
- D. frontal lobe
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Black substance (substantia nigra) is the correct answer because Parkinsonism is characterized by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. This leads to the classic symptoms of tremor, bradykinesia, and rigidity due to the loss of dopamine in the basal ganglia, which regulates movement.
Which technique does the nurse use to test the triceps reflex?
- A. Holds the knee in a slightly flexed position while he or she strokes the end of the foot with a dull object
- B. Hold the patient's relaxed forearm with the hand slightly pronated while striking the appropriate tendon with a reflex hammer
- C. Holds the patient's constricted arm with elbow flexed at a 90 degree angle, places a thumb over the elbow, and strikes the appropriate tendon
- D. Holds the patient's relaxed arm with elbow flexed at a 90 degree angle in one hand and strikes the appropriate tendon just above the elbow with either end of the reflex hammer
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: To test the triceps reflex, the nurse holds the patient's relaxed arm with the elbow flexed at a 90-degree angle and strikes the triceps tendon just above the elbow with a reflex hammer. This assesses the C7-C8 nerve roots.
Which amino acids are needed in higher amounts in patients with pressure ulcers?
- A. lysine and tyrosine
- B. tyrosine and valine
- C. arginine and glutamine
- D. valine and cysteine
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Arginine and glutamine are essential amino acids that play a critical role in wound healing. Arginine promotes collagen synthesis and immune function, while glutamine supports cell proliferation and tissue repair, making them vital for patients with pressure ulcers.