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A primary nursing responsibility is the prevention of lung cancer by assisting patients in smoking/tobacco cessation. Which tasks would be appropriate to delegate to the LPN/LVN?
- A. Develop a quit plan
- B. Explain the application of a nicotine patch
- C. Discuss strategies to avoid relapse
- D. Suggest ways to deal with urges for a tobacco
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: LPN/LVNs shine in standardized teaching like explaining nicotine patch application, a medication-focused task within their scope, detailing placement and timing to aid cessation. Developing a quit plan requires RN-level planning and assessment of individual needs. Discussing relapse strategies involves behavioral counseling, an RN forte. Suggesting urge-coping methods needs tailored insight, beyond LPN/LVN training. Patch explanation leverages their skills, supporting lung cancer prevention through practical cessation aid, a delegated task enhancing team efforts while keeping complex planning with RNs.
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Which agent is the usually choice for moderate to severe travelers diarrhea?
- A. metronidazole
- B. doxycycline
- C. norfloxacin
- D. penicillin
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Norfloxacin fluoroquinolone zaps travelers' E. coli, not metro, doxy, pen, or cotrim's fade. Nurses pick this chronic gut punch.
Oxygen therapy is prescribed as long term continuous therapy (more than 15 hours/day) to
- A. Improve QOL, reduce pulmonary arterial pressure and dyspnoea and increase survival
- B. Reduce respiratory effort caused by the damage to airways and lung parenchyma
- C. Increase patient comfort, reduce cyanosis and assist with sleeping
- D. Relieve anxiety related to breathlessness and reassure carer that the patient is receiving adequate oxygenation
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Long-term O2 in COPD lifts life cuts lung pressure, eases breath, boosts survival, a proven lifeline. Effort's not the target; comfort's secondary; anxiety's a perk, not goal. Nurses push this, a chronic game-changer.
What is an independent risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus?
- A. Age
- B. Waist circumference
- C. Smoking
- D. All three options above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Type 2 diabetes brews from age cells tire; waist fat resists insulin; smoking inflammation tweaks glucose. All hit independently, stacking odds, a chronic trio nurses flag in every patient check, not just one picking off the list.
The pathophysiology of Asthma differs from COPD as:
- A. It is characterised by airflow limitation.
- B. There is abnormal inflammatory response to exposure to noxious particles or gases.
- C. The airflow limitation is reversible.
- D. It is considered an obstructive lung disease.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Asthma and COPD both feature airflow obstruction, but their pathophysiology diverges critically. Both have limitation, but asthma's is intermittent and reversible with bronchodilators due to bronchial hyperresponsiveness and inflammation (e.g., eosinophilic), per Farrell (2017). COPD's abnormal inflammatory response to noxious stimuli (e.g., smoking) causes progressive, irreversible damage (e.g., neutrophilic, emphysema), not asthma's profile. Reversibility defines asthma spirometry normalizes post-treatment unlike COPD's fixed obstruction (FEVâ‚/FVC <0.7 persists). Both are obstructive diseases, but this isn't the distinguishing feature. Asthma's reversible limitation stems from smooth muscle spasm and mucosal edema, responsive to therapy, contrasting COPD's structural loss (alveolar destruction), making this the key differential in clinical management and prognosis.
The nurse is caring for a patient with an advanced stage of breast cancer and the patient has recently learned that her cancer has metastasized. The nurse enters the room and finds the patient struggling to breathe and the nurse's rapid assessment reveals that the patient's jugular veins are distended. The nurse should suspect the development of what oncologic emergency?
- A. Increased intracranial pressure
- B. Superior vena cava syndrome (SVCS)
- C. Spinal cord compression
- D. Metastatic tumor of the neck
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Dyspnea plus distended jugulars scream SVCS breast cancer's mets can squeeze the vena cava, blocking venous return from the head and chest. It's an oncology emergency, fast-tracking to edema and airway issues if unchecked. Intracranial pressure needs brain involvement less likely here. Spinal compression hits legs and bladder, not breathing. Neck tumors might press locally, but SVCS fits this picture. Nurses jump on this, pushing for steroids or stenting, knowing seconds count.