Nokea
A smear of a patient's sputum suspected for tuberculosis was prepared and stained. The smear showed red bacilli against a blue background. What staining method was used?
- A. Ziehl-Neelsen
- B. Gram
- C. Giemsa
- D. Neisser
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Ziehl-Neelsen staining method. This method is used to detect acid-fast bacteria like Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Step-by-step rationale: 1. Acid-fast bacteria resist decolorization with acid-alcohol. 2. The red bacilli seen in the smear indicate acid-fast bacteria. 3. Ziehl-Neelsen stain uses carbol fuchsin to stain acid-fast bacteria red. 4. The blue background is likely the counterstain methylene blue. Incorrect choices: B: Gram stain is for categorizing bacteria into Gram-positive or Gram-negative, not specific for acid-fast bacteria. C: Giemsa stain is used for blood films and detecting parasites, not acid-fast bacteria. D: Neisser stain is not a standard microbiological staining method.
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The development of polioviruses on cell cultures is characterized by:
- A. Cytopathic effect
- B. Cytotoxic effect
- C. Cytolytic effect
- D. They Don't Change The Cell Cultures
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Cytopathic effect. This is because polioviruses cause visible changes in infected cells, leading to cell damage and death, known as cytopathic effect. This is a key characteristic of viral infection. Choice B (Cytotoxic effect) is incorrect as it refers to the toxicity of a substance to cells, not the specific effect of polioviruses. Choice C (Cytolytic effect) is incorrect as it specifically refers to cell lysis, which is not the primary mechanism of poliovirus infection. Choice D (They Don't Change The Cell Cultures) is incorrect because polioviruses do indeed cause changes in cell cultures due to their cytopathic effect.
Sanitary-biologic examination of air in a drugstore revealed a sanitary-indicative microorganism. Name it:
- A. Staphylococcus aureus
- B. Colon bacillus
- C. Fecal enterococcus
- D. α-haemolytic streptococcus
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Fecal enterococcus. In a drugstore setting, finding a fecal-indicative microorganism like fecal enterococcus indicates a potential contamination from fecal matter, which poses a significant health risk. Staphylococcus aureus (Choice A) and α-haemolytic streptococcus (Choice D) are not typically indicative of fecal contamination. Colon bacillus (Choice B) is a common bacterium found in the gut but is not specifically indicative of fecal contamination. Therefore, choice C, fecal enterococcus, is the most appropriate microorganism indicating unsanitary conditions in a drugstore.
Gram-negative diplococci were isolated from a urethral discharge in a male patient with painful urination. What is the causative agent?
- A. Neisseria gonorrhoeae
- B. Escherichia coli
- C. Proteus vulgaris
- D. Klebsiella pneumoniae
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Neisseria gonorrhoeae. This bacterium is a gram-negative diplococci commonly associated with gonorrhea, which presents with symptoms like painful urination. Neisseria gonorrhoeae is known to infect the urethra in males. Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, and Klebsiella pneumoniae are all gram-negative bacteria, but they are not typically associated with urethral discharge or gonorrhea. E. coli is commonly associated with urinary tract infections, Proteus vulgaris with wound infections, and Klebsiella pneumoniae with pneumonia and other respiratory infections. Therefore, based on the patient's symptoms and the characteristics of the bacteria, Neisseria gonorrhoeae is the most appropriate causative agent in this case.
In the micropreparation made from patient's regional lymph node punctate and stained according to Romanovsky-Giemsa method, the doctor found out thin microorganisms with 12-14 equal ringlets and pale- pink sharp pointes 10-13 mkm in length. The pathogen of what disease is it about?
- A. Leishmaniasis
- B. Leptospirosis
- C. Surra
- D. Relapsing fever
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The thin microorganisms described with 12-14 equal ringlets and pale-pink sharp points are characteristic of Borrelia spirochetes, the causative agent of relapsing fever. The ringlet appearance corresponds to the characteristic coiled structure of Borrelia spirochetes. The length of 10-13 mkm falls within the typical size range of Borrelia spirochetes. This pathogen is commonly identified in Romanovsky-Giemsa stained samples from patients with relapsing fever.
Summary of other choices:
A: Leishmaniasis - Leishmania parasites are larger and do not have the described ringlets or pale-pink sharp points.
B: Leptospirosis - Leptospira bacteria are not described as having ringlets or pale-pink sharp points.
C: Surra - Surra is caused by Trypanosoma evansi, and the description does not match the characteristics of this parasite.
Cell mediated immunity has a leading role in:
- A. Infections with facultative and obligate intracellular pathogens
- B. Infections with extracellular pathogens
- C. Type 1 hypersensitivity reactions
- D. Toxin mediated infections
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Cell-mediated immunity plays a crucial role in combating infections with intracellular pathogens by activating T cells to directly kill infected cells. Facultative and obligate intracellular pathogens, such as viruses and some bacteria, require cell-mediated immunity for effective clearance. Option A is correct due to the specificity of this immune response. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as they are primarily associated with humoral immunity involving antibodies and not T cell responses against intracellular pathogens.