Nokea
Allergies to sea food, eggs, etc are an example of:
- A. Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction
- B. Type 2 hypersensitivity reaction
- C. Type 3 hypersensitivity reaction
- D. Type 4 hypersensitivity reaction
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction. In this type of reaction, allergens trigger the production of IgE antibodies, leading to mast cell and basophil degranulation and release of inflammatory mediators like histamine. This causes immediate allergic symptoms. Seafood and eggs are common allergens that can elicit this response.
B: Type 2 hypersensitivity reaction involves antibodies targeting cell surface or extracellular matrix antigens, leading to cell destruction or dysfunction. This is not the mechanism in seafood or egg allergies.
C: Type 3 hypersensitivity reaction involves immune complex deposition in tissues, leading to inflammation and tissue damage. This is not the mechanism in seafood or egg allergies.
D: Type 4 hypersensitivity reaction is cell-mediated and involves T cells causing inflammation and tissue damage. This is not the mechanism in seafood or egg allergies.
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Mesophylic bacteria are with temperature optimum:
- A. 25-37 °C
- B. 55-65 °C
- C. 15-18 °C
- D. 38-45 °C
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A (25-37 °C) because mesophilic bacteria thrive best at moderate temperatures typical of most environments, making 25-37 °C their optimum range. This range allows for optimal enzyme activity and growth. Choice B (55-65 °C) is incorrect as it is more suitable for thermophilic bacteria. Choice C (15-18 °C) is too low for mesophiles to thrive efficiently. Choice D (38-45 °C) is too high and is more suitable for thermophiles. Ultimately, the correct answer aligns with the typical temperature range where mesophilic bacteria are most active and abundant.
A patient underwent esophagogastroduodenoscopy. Analysis of the biopsy material enabled doctors to diagnose him with helicobacteriosis. What property of the bacteria found in this patient had to be obligatory taken into account during their cultivation?
- A. Microaerophilic ability
- B. Presence of urease
- C. Absence of spores and capsules
- D. Colonisation of gastral cells
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for why choice A is correct:
1. Helicobacter pylori, the bacteria causing helicobacteriosis, is microaerophilic, requiring low oxygen levels.
2. Cultivation conditions must mimic the natural environment of the bacteria.
3. Failure to provide a microaerophilic environment can hinder bacterial growth.
4. Thus, the ability to cultivate these bacteria requires consideration of their microaerophilic nature.
Summary:
- Choice A is correct because Helicobacter pylori is a microaerophilic bacteria.
- Choice B (Presence of urease) is incorrect as it is a characteristic used for diagnosis, not cultivation.
- Choice C (Absence of spores and capsules) is incorrect as it does not relate to cultivation requirements.
- Choice D (Colonization of gastral cells) is incorrect as it pertains to bacterial behavior, not cultivation needs.
A 23-year old medical student arrives in the student health clinic complaining of difficult in swallowing, sore throat, and chills. Upon examination, she is found to be running a fever and has white patches on her tonsils. A throat swab is positive for streptococcus pyogenes (group A). A diagnosis of acute pharyngitis is made. Her past medical history is unremarkable except an anaphylactic reaction to cefaclor two years ago. Which of the following would be a safe alternative for treating?
- A. Amoxicillin
- B. Meropenem
- C. Cephalexin
- D. Clindamycin
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Clindamycin. Clindamycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that is safe to use in patients with a history of anaphylaxis to beta-lactam antibiotics like cefaclor. Clindamycin is effective against streptococcus pyogenes and is a suitable alternative in this case. Amoxicillin (choice A) is a beta-lactam antibiotic similar to cefaclor and may cause a cross-reactive allergic reaction. Meropenem (choice B) is a carbapenem antibiotic and not typically used for acute pharyngitis. Cephalexin (choice C) is a cephalosporin antibiotic and may also cause cross-reactivity in patients with a history of anaphylaxis to cefaclor.
Which statement related to the mumps vaccine is true:
- A. the vaccine is recommended, not obligatory
- B. the vaccine is not given in combination with other vaccines
- C. the vaccine is administered orally
- D. it is a live attenuated vaccine
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: it is a live attenuated vaccine. This is true because the mumps vaccine is indeed a live attenuated vaccine, meaning it contains a weakened form of the virus to stimulate an immune response without causing the disease. This type of vaccine provides long-lasting immunity.
A, B, and C are incorrect:
A: the vaccine is recommended, not obligatory - this is incorrect because the mumps vaccine is typically recommended for all individuals to prevent the spread of the disease.
B: the vaccine is not given in combination with other vaccines - this is incorrect as the mumps vaccine is often given in combination with measles and rubella vaccines as the MMR vaccine.
C: the vaccine is administered orally - this is incorrect because the mumps vaccine is usually administered via injection, not orally.
Gram-negative diplococci were isolated from a urethral discharge in a male patient with painful urination. What is the causative agent?
- A. Neisseria gonorrhoeae
- B. Escherichia coli
- C. Proteus vulgaris
- D. Klebsiella pneumoniae
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Neisseria gonorrhoeae. This bacterium is a gram-negative diplococci commonly associated with gonorrhea, which presents with symptoms like painful urination. Neisseria gonorrhoeae is known to infect the urethra in males. Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, and Klebsiella pneumoniae are all gram-negative bacteria, but they are not typically associated with urethral discharge or gonorrhea. E. coli is commonly associated with urinary tract infections, Proteus vulgaris with wound infections, and Klebsiella pneumoniae with pneumonia and other respiratory infections. Therefore, based on the patient's symptoms and the characteristics of the bacteria, Neisseria gonorrhoeae is the most appropriate causative agent in this case.