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A sputum sample from a patient with pneumonia revealed Gram-positive cocci in pairs with a capsule. What is the most likely causative agent?
- A. Streptococcus pneumoniae
- B. Staphylococcus aureus
- C. Klebsiella pneumoniae
- D. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Streptococcus pneumoniae. This bacterium is the most likely causative agent for pneumonia in this case due to the presence of Gram-positive cocci in pairs with a capsule, which is a typical characteristic of S. pneumoniae. This pathogen is a common cause of community-acquired pneumonia and is known for its encapsulated morphology. Staphylococcus aureus (B) is a Gram-positive cocci but does not typically present in pairs with a capsule in pneumonia cases. Klebsiella pneumoniae (C) is a Gram-negative bacterium and does not match the description provided. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (D) is a Gram-negative bacterium that is not typically associated with Gram-positive cocci in pneumonia samples.
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The family Reoviridae includes the genera:
- A. Genus orthoreovirus, Rotavirus, Orbivirus
- B. Genus orthoretrovirus, Retrovirus, Orbfiloviridae
- C. Genus orthoretrovirus, Retrovirus, orbivirus
- D. Genus orthoretrovirus, Retrovirus, Orbarenaviridaefiloviridae
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because it lists the genera that belong to the family Reoviridae accurately. Orthoreovirus and Rotavirus are well-known genera within the family Reoviridae. Orbivirus is another genus belonging to the same family.
Choice B is incorrect because Orthoretrovirus and Retrovirus are not part of the Reoviridae family. Orbfiloviridae is also not a valid genus within this family.
Choice C is incorrect because Orthoretrovirus and Retrovirus are not part of the Reoviridae family. Orbivirus is the correct genus but the other two are inaccurate.
Choice D is incorrect because Orthoretrovirus and Retrovirus are not part of the Reoviridae family. Orbarenaviridaefiloviridae is not a valid genus within Reoviridae.
Your patient is a 22-year-old man. The patient reports that two weeks after unprotected sexual contact, a small ulcer appeared on its penis. The local inguinal lymph nodes are enlarged. Dark field microscopic examination of the ulcer secretions was performed. The test reveals presence of motile, curved spirochete. The most common causative agent of the disease is:
- A. Chlamydia trachoma's
- B. Treponema pallidum
- C. Neisseria gonorrhoeae
- D. Herpes simplex virus, type 2
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Treponema pallidum. The scenario describes symptoms of primary syphilis, which is caused by Treponema pallidum. The presence of a painless ulcer (chancre) and enlarged inguinal lymph nodes are characteristic of syphilis. Dark field microscopic examination showing motile, curved spirochetes is highly specific for Treponema pallidum.
Incorrect explanations:
A: Chlamydia trachomatis typically causes urethritis or cervicitis, not painless ulcers.
C: Neisseria gonorrhoeae causes gonorrhea, which presents with purulent discharge, not painless ulcers.
D: Herpes simplex virus type 2 causes genital herpes, leading to painful ulcers and vesicles, not painless ulcers seen in syphilis.
Immunosuppressive drugs are not used for:
- A. Organ transplantation
- B. Measles
- C. Autoimmune diseases
- D. Hemolytic disease of the newborn
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Measles. Immunosuppressive drugs are not used for treating viral infections like measles as they target the immune system and can worsen the infection. Organ transplantation requires immunosuppressive drugs to prevent organ rejection. Autoimmune diseases involve an overactive immune response, so immunosuppressive drugs are used to reduce this response. Hemolytic disease of the newborn can be treated with immunosuppressive drugs to prevent the destruction of red blood cells.
A relationship in which two organisms benefit is referred to as __________.
- A. commensalism
- B. mutualism
- C. parasitism
- D. competition
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: mutualism. In mutualism, both organisms benefit from the relationship. This is because they provide each other with resources or services that help both parties. In contrast, commensalism (A) is a relationship where one organism benefits while the other is neither helped nor harmed. Parasitism (C) is a relationship where one organism benefits at the expense of the other. Competition (D) is a relationship where both organisms are negatively affected as they compete for limited resources. Therefore, mutualism is the correct answer as it describes a mutually beneficial relationship between two organisms.
For treatment of Anthrax are used
- A. Penicillins, tetracyclins, macrolides
- B. anti-anthrax gamma-globulins
- C. anti-anthrax immune-serum
- D. all of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because the treatment for Anthrax involves using antibiotics such as penicillins, tetracyclines, and macrolides to target the bacteria. Anti-anthrax gamma-globulins and immune-serum are used to provide passive immunity, but they are not the primary treatment. Therefore, options A, B, and C are incorrect as they do not encompass all the necessary components for treating Anthrax. Overall, using a combination of antibiotics and immune-based treatments like gamma-globulins and immune-serum provides a comprehensive approach to managing Anthrax infection.