Nokea
A woman missed her menstrual period 1 week ago and has come to the doctor's office for a pregnancy test. Which placental hormone is measured in pregnancy tests?
- A. Progesterone
- B. Estrogen
- C. Human chorionic gonadotropin
- D. Human placental lactogen
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Human chorionic gonadotropin is the basis for most pregnancy tests. It is detectable in maternal blood as soon as implantation occurs, usually 7 to 9 days after fertilization.
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What are the functions of amniotic fluid? (Select all that apply.)
- A. Maintaining an even temperature
- B. Impeding excessive fetal movement
- C. Lubricating fetal skin
- D. Acting as a reservoir for nutrients
- E. Acting as a cushion for the fetus
Correct Answer: A,E
Rationale: The amniotic fluid provides maintenance of even temperature; prevents amnion from adhering to fetal skin; allows buoyancy, symmetrical growth, and fetal movement; and acts as a cushion for the fetus. Although the fetus does swallow amniotic fluid, it has no nutritional value.
The nurse is reviewing fetal circulation with a pregnant patient and explains that blood circulates through the placenta to the fetus. What vessel(s) carry blood to the fetus?
- A. One umbilical vein
- B. Two umbilical veins
- C. One umbilical artery
- D. Two umbilical arteries
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The umbilical vein transports richly oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetus.
A nurse is teaching a lesson on fetal development to a class of high school students and explains the primary germ layers. What are the germ layers? (Select all that apply.)
- A. Ectoderm
- B. Endoderm
- C. Mesoderm
- D. Plastoderm
- E. Blastoderm
Correct Answer: A,B,C
Rationale: The zygote transforms its embryonic disc into three layers: the ectoderm, the mesoderm, and the endoderm.
The nurse explains that the birth weight of monozygotic twins is frequently below average. What is the most likely cause?
- A. Inadequate space in the uterus
- B. Inadequate blood supply
- C. Inadequate maternal health
- D. Inadequate placental nutrition
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The single placenta may not be able to provide adequate nutrition to two fetuses.
Of what is the normal umbilical cord comprised?
- A. 1 artery carrying blood to the fetus and 1 vein carrying blood away from the fetus
- B. 1 artery carrying blood to the fetus and 2 veins carrying blood away from the fetus
- C. 2 arteries carrying blood away from the fetus and 1 vein carrying blood to the fetus
- D. 2 arteries carrying blood to the fetus and 2 veins carrying blood away from the fetus
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The umbilical cord is comprised of 2 arteries carrying blood away from the fetus and 1 vein carrying blood to the fetus.