Anatomy and Physiology of the Female Breast

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A woman who is charting her basal temperature during her cycle notes a sudden increase of 0.6°F in her waking temperature on the 15th day of her menstrual cycle. Which hormone is the cause of this finding?

  • A. FSH
  • B. Progesterone
  • C. Estrogen
  • D. Prostaglandin
Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Progesterone. On the 15th day of the menstrual cycle, the woman would have ovulated, leading to the release of the egg and the formation of the corpus luteum. The corpus luteum produces progesterone, which causes an increase in basal body temperature. FSH (A) is responsible for stimulating the growth of ovarian follicles, not the temperature increase. Estrogen (C) levels peak before ovulation but do not cause the post-ovulation temperature rise. Prostaglandin (D) is involved in various physiological processes but not directly related to the basal temperature increase post-ovulation.

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The middle school nurse is reviewing the phases of the endometrial cycle with a group of female students. Which statement by a student will the nurse need to correct?

  • A. The proliferative phase occurs when the ovum is maturing.
  • B. The expulsion phase occurs when the ovum is discharged from the ovary.
  • C. The secretory phase occurs during the second half of the menstrual cycl
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A. The proliferative phase occurs before ovulation when the endometrium thickens to prepare for implantation. This is not directly related to the maturation of the ovum. The other choices are incorrect because: B refers to ovulation, not expulsion of the ovum; C correctly states the secretory phase timing; D is incomplete.

The funnel-shaped, open-ended portion of the oviduct is called the:

  • A. Isthmus
  • B. Ampulla
  • C. Infundibulum
  • D. Fimbriae
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The infundibulum is the funnel-shaped, open-ended portion of the oviduct.

Ineffective or shallow infant latch with breastfeeding may lead to increased

  • A. reflux in the infant
  • B. milk let-down
  • C. nipple pain
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Poor latch can cause nipple pain and damage, making breastfeeding uncomfortable for the mother.

What is the primary function of the endometrial layer of the uterus?

  • A. Increase in density and content during each menstrual cycle
  • B. Prepare to receive and nourish a fertilized ovum (blastocyst)
  • C. Produce the hormones that regulate ovulation
  • D. Maintain pregnancy
Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Prepare to receive and nourish a fertilized ovum (blastocyst). The primary function of the endometrial layer of the uterus is to provide a suitable environment for implantation and nourishment of a fertilized egg. During the menstrual cycle, the endometrial layer thickens in preparation for potential pregnancy. If fertilization occurs, the blastocyst implants into the endometrium for further development. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect as the endometrial layer does not primarily function to increase in density during each cycle, produce ovulation-regulating hormones, or maintain pregnancy, respectively.

The gender of an infant will be female unless:

  • A. Two X chromosomes are received from the mother.
  • B. The short arm of the Y chromosome is received from the father.
  • C. Conception occurs during the last half of the female reproductive cycle.
  • D. The mother's ovary produces testosterone early in pregnancy.
Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The presence of the Y chromosome, specifically its short arm, triggers male development. Without it, the default development is female.

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