Contemporary Ethical Issues in Nursing

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A young child is having abdominal pain, and the doctor informs the parents that a computed tomography (CT or CAT) scan of the abdomen will be ordered. The doctor tells the child, "This CAT scan won't hurt you." The child is visibly upset because of a fear of cats. According to Mishel's uncertainty in illness theory, which stage of the framework is represented?

  • A. Stimuli frame
  • B. Appraisal stage
  • C. Initiation of coping mechanisms
  • D. Adaptation
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Step 1: The child is upset due to a fear of cats, leading to uncertainty about the situation.
Step 2: Mishel's uncertainty in illness theory focuses on how individuals respond to uncertainty in health-related situations.
Step 3: In this case, the child's fear of cats creates a misinterpretation of the term "CAT scan."
Step 4: This misinterpretation falls under the Stimuli frame stage, where the individual perceives the situation based on external cues.
Step 5: Other choices are incorrect as they do not directly address the initial misinterpretation caused by the fear of cats.

In summary, choice A is correct because it aligns with Mishel's theory by highlighting the initial stimuli (fear of cats) causing uncertainty in the child's understanding of the situation. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as they do not address the specific misinterpretation of the term "CAT scan" due to the fear of cats.

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The informed consent documents must include: (select all that apply)

  • A. an explanation of potential risks and benefits to participants in the study.
  • B. medical terminology rather than lay terms to prevent misunderstanding of the study.
  • C. a statement on how the anonymity and confidentiality of participants are protected.
  • D. explanation of the cost of the study.
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because informed consent documents must provide participants with an explanation of potential risks and benefits to ensure they fully understand what they are agreeing to. This helps participants make an informed decision about participating. Option B is incorrect because using medical terminology can actually increase misunderstanding; lay terms are recommended. Option C is incorrect as it is essential to include a statement on protecting anonymity and confidentiality to ensure participant privacy. Option D is incorrect as explaining the cost of the study is not a necessary component of informed consent.

A student is planning to enroll in prerequisite courses after graduating from high school and is researching options for nursing programs. During a career fair the student compares different types of nursing education programs and discovers that:

  • A. diploma programs focus on family and community, with an emphasis on health promotion.
  • B. most practicing RNs graduated from diploma programs because this was the first type of RN program.
  • C. baccalaureate programs focus on technical and hands-on nursing skills in diverse community settings.
  • D. master's programs such as that for the clinical nurse leader provide entry into practice with a focus on interdisciplinary and bedside nursing care for complex client populations.
Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because master's programs, like the one for clinical nurse leaders, indeed provide entry into practice with a focus on interdisciplinary and bedside nursing care for complex client populations. This choice stands out as it specifically addresses the advanced level of education and specialization required for handling complex cases.

Choice A is incorrect because diploma programs typically focus on basic nursing skills rather than specialization in complex client populations.

Choice B is incorrect as most practicing RNs nowadays graduate from associate's or bachelor's degree programs, not diploma programs.

Choice C is incorrect because baccalaureate programs emphasize a broader education including leadership, research, and critical thinking skills rather than just technical and hands-on nursing skills.

Although the media portrayed nursing in a negative light in M*A*S*H through the character of a promiscuous, uncaring nurse, it also provided Americans with a promising glimpse of:

  • A. nurses who can be promiscuous and still help doctors.
  • B. the fact that caring is not as important as the desire to serve one's country.
  • C. the ability of nurses to cope with the dreadfulness of war by using humor.
  • D. the contributions of male military nurses.
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C because the media in M*A*S*H showed how nurses coped with the horrors of war through humor, highlighting their resilience and adaptability. This is a positive portrayal of nurses as capable and strong individuals. Choices A and B are incorrect as they misrepresent the values and professionalism of nurses. Choice A promotes negative stereotypes, while choice B undermines the importance of compassion in nursing. Choice D is incorrect as the show primarily focused on female nurses, not male nurses.

An older adult is unable to reach the telephone and is found dead at home several hours later. The son of the deceased person arrives at the hospital and asks, "Can I just please stay and hold my dad's hand? He was so afraid of dying alone." Which response by the nurse shows empathy?

  • A. "You are just too late for that. Where were you when he needed you?"
  • B. "Did you ever consider purchasing a cell phone for your dad to prevent this from happening?"
  • C. "I'll close the door so you can spend time with your dad. I will check back in a few minutes."
  • D. "I lost my dad last year. He died alone. He was a policeman. I am just like you. Let me stay here and console you."
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C because it demonstrates empathy by acknowledging the son's request and providing support. By closing the door to allow privacy and promising to check back, the nurse shows understanding and compassion for the son's emotional needs.

Choice A is incorrect as it is insensitive and blames the son. Choice B is inappropriate as it shifts the focus to purchasing a cell phone rather than addressing the son's emotional state. Choice D is also incorrect as it redirects the attention to the nurse's personal experience, failing to address the son's specific request.

It is important to realize that nurses may seek unionization if: (select all that apply)

  • A. physicians rotate on-call coverage among group members for complicated long-term clients.
  • B. scheduling is presented that provides adequate staffing on holidays by rotation of time off for holidays among nurses.
  • C. incident report trends indicate medication errors are caused by shift reports being taped and heard after nurses from the prior shift have left the unit.
  • D. physicians, nurses, nutritionists, and physical therapists visit concurrently with clients to plan care.
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Rationale:
Choice C is correct because it highlights a significant issue related to patient safety - medication errors caused by delayed shift reports. This creates a legitimate concern for nurses regarding the effectiveness of communication and ultimately patient care. Seeking unionization could be a way for nurses to address this issue collectively.

Summary:
- Choice A is incorrect as it focuses on physician coverage rather than nurse concerns.
- Choice B is incorrect as it addresses staffing and scheduling but does not directly relate to nurses seeking unionization.
- Choice D is incorrect as it describes a collaborative care approach, which does not necessarily indicate a need for unionization among nurses.

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